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| 10/WM/04/6 |
21st Century Distribution Networks |
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The water industry, in contrast with other utilities, has a significant number of very long-life assets. This project looks at drivers which will affect the design of distribution systems over the next 70 years as this represents a period of time ove... |
| 06/WM/07/6 |
21st Century Sewerage Design:Summary Report |
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UK sewer systems have developed over the last 150 years, to protect public health and provide adequate drainage. The value of existing systems has recently been estimated at ÂŁ115bn. This project examined the future for UK sewerage systems up to 2080... |
| 00/DW/01/3 |
A Briefing on Emerging Pathogens and Drinking Water Supplies |
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no abstract available... |
| 01/DW/02/24 |
A Briefing on Microorganisms and Drinking Water Supplies - A review of Literature 2000 - 2001 |
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Over the last fifty years improvements in water treatment in developed countries has virtually eliminated outbreaks of bacterial and viral infection.
However, parasites, treatment failure, re-emerging and novel pathogens still cause problems. Crypto... |
| 06/DW/02/42 |
A Briefing on Microorganisms and Drinking Water Supplies - A Review of the Literature 2005-2006 |
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This review of the literature for 2005-2006, reveals, as in previous years, that there are no immediate or foreseeable threats to the safety of drinking water supplies in the UK.
The review recommends that the microbiological topics of most imm... |
| 00/DW/02/22 |
A briefing on microorganisms and drinking water supplies – A review of literature 1999- 2000 |
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This report updates previous UKWIR publications assessing the risks of infection to consumers exposed to mains water in the UK, by analysing worldwide scientific literature on health related water microbiology. It highlights those organisms where con... |
| 02/DW/02/26 |
A Briefing on Microorganisms and Drinking Water Supplies: A Review of Literature 2001-2002 |
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The report provides an expert independent assessment of the scientific literature on micro-organisms of concern in drinking water related disease. Relevant publications over the period of a year (April 2001 - March 2002) were examined to assess the r... |
| 03/DW/02/28 |
A Briefing on Microorganisms and Drinking Water Supplies: A Review of the Literature 2002-2003 |
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This review is an expert independent assessment of the scientific literature on micro-organisms of concern in drinking water-related disease. It highlights those organisms of special concern and provides advice on their significance.
The public wate... |
| 04/DW/02/35 |
A Briefing on Microorganisms and Drinking Water Supplies: A Review of the Literature 2003-2004 |
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This series of annual reviews aims to provide the water industry with an “early warning” of potential threats to the safety of public drinking water supplies posed by emerging or novel pathogens.
The review has not highlighted any pathogens of... |
| 05/DW/02/40 |
A Briefing on Microorganisms and Drinking Water Supplies: A Review of the Literature 2004-2005 |
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This review focuses on the period of April 2004 to March 2005. Literature containing information relevant to the microbiological quality of water was appraised and the implications for the Industry assessed.
No immediate threats to the safety o... |
| 97/WM/01/34 |
A Code of Practice for Overbanding Treatments |
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Produces an operational check list of procedures a supervisor should follow. Describes the background to overbanding treatments and lists typical problems encountered. Gives details of the equipment used, the preparation and the laying methods.... |
| 97/WM/01/31 |
A Code of Practice for Permanent Cold- Lay Surfacing Materials (PCSMs) |
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Produces an operational check list of procedures that a supervisor should follow. Describes the background to PCSMs, lists typical problems encountered and sets out the HAUC requirements. Finally details the material sampling and the procedures invol... |
| 06/WM/08/34 |
A Comparison of Leakage Practice and Leakage Levels in the UK and Netherlands... |
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This is a collaboration between the water industries of the UK and the Netherlands. It explored the differences in leakage levels and leakage control policies between the two countries and identified a number of physical factors which account for the... |
| 12/CL/01/15 |
A Framework for Accounting for Embodied Carbon in Water Industry Assets |
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The purpose of this document is to provide clear and consistent guidelines for UK water companies to: estimate the carbon embodied in constructing and maintaining capital assets using recognised sources of information; carry out 'whole life' carbon a... |
| 08/WW/13/9 |
A Framework for Cost Benefit Analysis in Odour Control Projects |
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The report sets out a framework for undertaking cost benefit analysis of odour abatement measures at waste water treatment works. It describes different research approaches for valuing the user benefits of odour abatement, based on research at six ca... |
| 07/WR/25/3 |
A Framework for Valuing the Options for Managing Water Demand |
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The project on water demand management options was established to develop a best practice framework for assessing the contribution of demand management to long-term supply/demand balance planning. It also set out to develop the online evidence data... |
| 04/WR/01/6 |
A Framework Methodology for Estimating the Impact of Household Metering on Consumption - Further Analysis |
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This report presents the methodology and findings from a further empirical investigation into the determinants of the household decision to opt for measured charging and the resulting effects on water consumption. The investigation expands upon prev... |
| 03/WR/01/4 |
A Framework Methodology for Estimating the Impact of Household Metering on Consumption - Main Report |
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This report presents the Framework Methodology for estimating the impact of metering (both changes in the number of metered customers and the demand effects of metering) on consumption, in the form of a six stage process. For each stage a range of a... |
| 08/WR/01/8 |
A Generic Business Case Model for Household Metering: Workshop - December 2007 |
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This report provides background on the costs, benefits and impact assessment of intelligent metering in the UK water industry. Previous research and regulatory background leading to the UKWIR Business case for Metering seminar held in December 2007 i... |
| 98/WM/01/40 |
A Guide to Reinstatement Best Practice |
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This document and its accompanying CD Rom bring together all the practical lessons learned from the UKWIR three year reinstatement research programme carried out by the Transport Research Laboratory (TRL).
Written in simple "bullet point" form and i... |
| 95/WM/01/14 |
A Guide to the Assessment of Road and Footway Condition for Reinstatement Purposes |
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Effective site monitoring would enable utilities to identify and correct defects before the reinstatement is inspected by highway authorities. The objectives of this research therefore were (a) to provide guidance on the assessment of road and footwa... |
| 05/WW/21/5 |
A Literature Review of the Efficacy of Natural Systems in Removing Faecal Indicator Bacteria |
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Two wetland types have been distinguished according to the presence of a free water surface. This feature determines the extent to which key processes, including oxygen diffusion and the balance of removal mechanisms between sedimentation and sieving... |
| 99/WM/08/23 |
A Manual of DMA Practice |
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The manual provides guidance to staff engaged in managing district meter areas (DMAs). It guides the practitioner through the stages of :
1. setting up and maintaining districts,
2 monitoring leakage,
3 selecting leak detection eq... |
| 00/WR/17/1 |
A Methodology for Targeting and Delivering Environmental Benefits through Water Demand Management |
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The key objective of the project was to advance knowledge/ understanding of the translation of water demand management measures into hydrological effects, and then subsequently into environmental effects. A method was developed to aid, and make more ... |
| 95/WR/01/2 |
A Methodology for the Determination of Outputs of Groundwater Sources |
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Details existing methods and data availability. Provides an easy to use unambiguous, regulatory, auditable methodology for assessing reliable outputs from single sources to complex audits systems. Operational or, where data is lacking, analytical a... |
| 98/WR/13/1 |
A Practical Method for Converting Uncertainty into Headroom |
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This report describes the background to and the results of the research project commissioned by United Kingdom Water Industry Research Ltd (UKWIR) and carried out by Sir William Halcrow & Partners (from May 1997 to January 1998) into converting uncer... |
| 10/WW/25/6 |
A Procedure for Estimating Emissions of Pollution Inventory Substances from Sewage Treatment Works |
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This project has provided an update of the original Pollution Inventory estimator tool and offers a cost effective method for the estimation of emissions of Pollution Inventory substance loads from sewage treatment works. The update allows water comp... |
| 99/DW/06/8 |
A Review of Chemical and Electrochemical Inactivation of Cryptosporidium |
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Both ozone and medium pressure UV offer promise for oocyst inactivation. However, the inactivation option is not feasible for achieving the proposed Regulatory standard in the UK. This would not preclude it as part of an overall risk reduction strate... |
| 05/DW/02/37 |
A Review of Ct in Water Disinfection |
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The inactivation rate of microorganisms by disinfection is commonly expressed as the product of the concentration (C) and the contact time (t). In this report, methods for determining the optimum Ct value have been reviewed, as have influential ... |
| 97/WM/08/10 |
A Review of Leakage - Updating Managing Leakage Methodology and Theory |
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The first update of 'Managing Leakage', the 1995 water industry report. Economics of leakage methodology, both short and long term is developed in detail. There are case studies on whole- life costing. Seven key areas of UKWIR research are summarised... |
| 00/DW/02/20 |
A Review of PPRA (Pre and Post Renovation Assessment) |
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no abstract available... |
| 10/CU/02/6 |
A Review of the Case for More Intelligent Water Metering |
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Water metering and communications technology have developed significantly over recent years and may offer an important option for addressing supply-demand pressures, whilst meeting expectations for efficient and high quality customer service.
... |
| 12/WW/23/8 |
A Review of the Effectiveness of Mogden Formula Charging when Meeting Modern Sewage Treatment Works Consents |
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The project investigated potential disparities between the current trade effluent charging mechanism (the Mogden formula) and the costs associated with trade effluent management and treatment. The study demonstrated that the Mogden formula continues ... |
| 11/RG/07/23 |
A Review of the Scientific Basis for Proposed EU Limit Values for Organic Chemicals in Sludge |
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This is the third study on the occurrence of organic chemicals in sludge, commissioned in response to proposed changes to the Sludge Directive (86/278/EEC) and the potential introduction of limits on organic chemicals in sludge applied to land.
... |
| 11/WW/20/4 |
A Review of the Setting of Iron Limits for Wastewater Treatment Works Effluents |
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Iron dosing at wastewater treatment works is used mostly to reduce effluent phosphorus concentrations in order to meet the requirements of European legislation. The existing iron Environmental Quality Standard (EQS) is currently under review. If the ... |
| 04/WR/11/2 |
A Review of the UK-ADAPT Project Database |
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The main purpose of the UK-ADAPT (Agricultural Diffuse Aquatic Pollution Toolkit) initiative is to share knowledge between stakeholders, to enable synthesis of existing information and planning of future work on diffuse water pollution from agricultu... |
| 11/WM/17/2 |
A Risk Based Approach to Flooding |
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This study has sought to develop a better means of setting priorities for investment to alleviate the risk of sewer flooding caused by hydraulic overloading. The methodology that has been developed aims to ensure that the risk of sewer flooding to cu... |
| 07/RG/10/3 |
A Road Map of Strategic R&D Needs to 2030 |
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Theme specific road maps provide a new shared vision: a framework that can give direction to the supply chain and the research community that will deliver solutions for the water utilities medium and long term needs. The maps (underground as... |
| 00/CL/07/1 |
A Scoping Study to Identify Research Requirements to Assist the UK Water Industry in Dealing with Changing Patterns of Drought |
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The objective of this project was to determine the requirements for future research into the effects of changes in the occurrence of droughts across the whole range of water industry operations. The project was effected through a literature review... |
| 00/DW/07/6 |
A Status Report on Algal Toxins & Water Treatment |
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The objectives of the report are to provide an update of papers published on the removal of algal toxins by water treatment, and to review the significance of toxins to water supplies worldwide through surveys in the UK and overseas.
In general, pap... |
| 96/WM/01/21 |
A Supervisor?s Guide for the Re- Use of Excavated Material |
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Gives an operational checklist of the re- use of excavated material. Specifies the HAUC classes of material (granular, cohesive and granular/ cohesive) and gives the HAUC field identification tests. Identifies and describes typical problems giving op... |
| 95/WM/01/10 |
A Supervisors Guide to Conventional Black Top Material Site Testing |
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Guidelines and recommendations are provided for improving compliance and on- site acceptability for black- top materials at the point of delivery. By following such recommendations this Supervisor's Guide forms a reference document intended to provid... |
| 99/SL/06/3 |
A Survey of E. coli in UK Sludges |
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A survey was undertaken to rapidly assess the effects of different processes on numbers of Escherichia coli in sludges from all parts the U. K
All of the processes surveyed reduced the numbers of E. coli .
Composting, lime addition and thermal dryi... |
| 11/WM/08/45 |
A Survey of Practices for the Detection and Location of Leaks |
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The objective of this report is to provide guidance in the application of leak localising and detection techniques to individuals responsible for managing the leak detection process.
Implementing the recommendations should lead to more effecti... |
| 12/RG/07/25 |
A Total Expenditure Approach to Cost Assessment |
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Water and sewerage companies in England and Wales are subject to a system of price control regulation. At each price control review, Ofwat proposes constraints on the prices that these companies can charge consumers over the next five years. Similar ... |
| 00/EQ/14/1 |
A Working Set of Environmental Sustainability Indicators for the UK Water Industry |
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Towards the end of 1997, Water UK's Sustainability Group embarked on a project to develop a set of indicators of environmental sustainability for the UK water industry.
25 indicators were identified covering all major environmental issues under four... |
| 08/CU/02/4 |
Acceptability of Drinking Water - Willingness to Pay |
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This project was commissioned as part of an industry-wide comprehensive research programme, to undertake a large quantitative study using Stated Preference (SP) techniques to derive customers' willingness to pay for improvements in aesthetic aspects ... |
| 07/CU/02/3 |
Acceptability of Water to Customers |
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An approach to formulating interventions and seeking funding to address aesthetic aspects of drinking water quality is considered. These aspects include discolouration and particles; taste and odour; and hardness. Guidance is given on good practice f... |
| 06/RG/07/8 |
Accommodating the Implications of the Revised EU Sludge Directive |
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The recycling of sewage sludge (biosolids) to agricultural land is one of the most effective means of dealing with the main by-product of wastewater treatment. The key objective of this project is to provide information that will enable the UK water ... |
| 05/EQ/14/3 |
Additional UK Water Industry Sustainability Indicators |
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Building on the 'Towards Sustainability' research report (03/EQ/14/2) also completed by Entec, this project aimed to further develop a number of indicators in order to complete the framework of sustainability indicators for the UK Water Industry. On ... |
| 12/CU/02/9 |
Advanced Metering Infrastructure: Best Practices for Water Utilities |
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This report was produced by the Water Research Foundation as the output from a project jointly sponsored by WaterRF and UKWIR. The purpose of the project was to assess the state of the art and gather the information required to make informed judgemen... |
| 97/DW/07/5 |
Algal Toxins: Occurrence and treatability of anatoxin and microcystins. |
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Laboratory cultures of a wide range of algal strains, primarily Anabaena species, failed to produce anatoxin a at high enough concentrations to allow investigation of treatability, despite the presence of very high concentrations of algal biomass. Sa... |
| 96/DW/05/14 |
Allergy and Dermatitis Associated with Domestic Water Supplies |
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In recent years there has been an increase in the number of consumers reporting apparent allergic or irritant reactions due to contact with drinking water. This report assesses the relative ability of potential drinking water constituents and contami... |
| 11/RG/07/20 |
Alternative Approaches to Efficiency Assessment and Economic Incentives |
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Water regulation faces significant external factors which may mean that the existing regime is no longer fit for purpose. Climate change, changes to industry structure and demographic change are all factors that could lead to a need for either increm... |
| 12/RG/07/24 |
Alternative Measures of Inflation in the Regulatory Framework |
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This is the report from the UKWIR study on alternative measures of inflation. Its purpose is two-fold: to examine the implications of using the Consumer Prices Index (CPI) rather than the Retail Price Index (RPI) as the water and sewerage industry's ... |
| 05/WW/21/6 |
Alternative Measures of Sewage Treatment Works Dry Weather Flow |
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The current definition of sewage treatment works Dry Weather Flow (DWF) gives results with high year-on-year variability and cannot be calculated for a large proportion of data sets.
A wide range of alternatives are assessed against ... |
| 12/DW/04/12 |
Alternatives to Phosphate for Plumbosolvency Control |
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This report and associated spreadsheet-based tool provide UKWIR and water companies with the opportunity to assess the long term economic costs and benefits of phosphorus dosing and possible alternatives to reducing lead levels in drinking water, suc... |
| 96/WR/05/2 |
An Assessment of the Supply Problems Experienced in 1995 |
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Examines the range of operational problems encountered in a large number of supply zones during the 1995 drought. Gives results of twenty four zonal case studies and a problem 'hit list' by which water companies can review the water supply zones in t... |
| 02/WR/13/2 |
An Improved Methodology for Assessing Headroom |
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An improved methodology, adopting Monte Carlo techniques, is presented to assess Headroom, a key component of the supply demand balance. The document explains the principles of the methodology, provides guidance on how to apply it, including pro-form... |
| 07/SL/02/7 |
Application of Phosphorus in Biosolids to Agricultural Soils |
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Laboratory studies and field assesssments using representative bisolid types from three regions in England were undertaken to develop practical guidelines on the safe application of phosphorus in biosolids to agricultural land without increasing the ... |
| 05/SL/02/6 |
Application of Phosphorus in Industrial Biosolids Applied to Agricultural Soils - Review |
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This report reviews biosolid phosphorus, processes of phosphorus loss from land, and the range in measures available to control the loss. The factors affecting risk of P loss from agricultural land were considered and a number of potential measures t... |
| 00/DW/06/15 |
Application of Statistical Process Control in Water Treatment for Managing Cryptosporidium Risk |
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The aims of the work were to demonstrate the use of SPC in water treatment, to enable companies to identify techniques of potential value to their operating regimes, and to assist in their implementation. With respect to management of Cryptosporidium... |
| 08/RG/04/3 |
Application of Time Series Analysis to Relative Efficiency Assessment |
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Ofwat carries out relative efficiency analysis as part of its price control reviews. To date, Ofwat's analysis has focused on cross-sectional methods. A previous report for UKWIR, Review of the Approach to Efficiency Assessment in the Regula... |
| 97/DW/04/4 |
Approaches for Controlling Plumbsolvency |
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Gives causes and extent of plumbosolvency in the UK in the context of the proposed EC Directives changes. provides a survey of current techniques and potential for application for a range of sample waters. Describes and compares pH control, alkalin... |
| 00/DW/03/15 |
Aspects of Modelling Chlorine Decay In Water Distribution Systems |
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This report investigates the prediction of chlorine by means of a field study. The prediction of water age was successful. Further research is needed on chlorine decay. The importance of pipe material, diameter, temperature, pH, flow rate and degree ... |
| 02/WR/09/2 |
ASR-UK:Elucidating the Hydrogeological Issues Associated with Aquifer Storage and Recovery in the UK |
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Aquifer Storage Recovery (ASR) in the UK is currently the subject several pilot investigations but, as yet, no schemes have been commissioned. From the water resource planning perspective, ASR has many plus points but, from an asset investment persp... |
| 12/WM/08/48 |
Assessment of Low Flow Components of Night Use and the Water Balance |
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The project investigated the effect of un-measured and under-registered low flows on night-use allowances in leakage calculations, and on estimates of household per-capita consumption.
The study found that the most significant contribution to ... |
| 10/TX/04/17 |
Assessment of the Performance of Wastewater Treatment Works in Removing Oestrogenic Substances |
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The National Demonstration Programme(NDP) has been established to further an understanding of how current and advanced treatment processes used at wastewater treatment works affect the concentration of certain endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC). Th... |
| 09/CL/04/11 |
Assessment of the Significance to Water Resource Management Plans of the UK Climate Projections 2009 |
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This report provides a 'rapid assessment' of the UK Climate Projections 2009 (UKCP09), published on June 2009, to determine the headline impacts of river flows and any immediate implications for water company Water Resources Plans (WRPs). It builds o... |
| 07/RG/05/18 |
Asset Management Planning Assessment Process - A Methodology for Self-Assessment, Volume I: Project Report |
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This project provides a methodology to facilitate self-assessment of water company approaches to asset management planning. The assessment process is founded on the principles of the Capital Maintenance Planning Common Framework, but exten... |
| 98/DW/02/17 |
Association of Eschericia Cocli 0157 Infection With Drinking Water and Assessment of Risks |
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Investigates the sources of E. coli 0157 , how it causes human disease and its survival in the environment. Gives microbiological evidence for an association between transmission of E. coli 0157 and water and describes the effects of water treatment ... |
| 03/WM/08/30 |
Background Leakage |
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Background leakage is an important concept in leakage economics. This report assesses the methodologies available for investigating background leakage and recommends a best practice. The report also develops the understanding of the factors affecting... |
| 05/DW/02/41 |
Bacteriological Indicators of Water Quality |
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This review and consultation has shown that analysis of the results of regulatory monitoring for total coliforms and heteroptrophic plate counts provides information on the condition and performance of the water supply system which can be usefully us... |
| 11/RG/07/21 |
Barriers to 100% Compliance, or Is It Achievable? |
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There is an expectation from the quality regulator that water companies should be capable of achieving full (100%) compliance with the drinking water quality standards. Constraints that prevent companies achieving full compliance include: the conditi... |
| 06/RG/10/1 |
Barriers to Innovation in the UK Water Industry |
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The project explores enablers and barriers to innovation within the UK water industry, focusing on the application of new technological products and processes. Ten innovation cases are researched involving interviews, opinions and evidence from over ... |
| 07/RG/10/2 |
Barriers to Innovation in the Water Sector: Output from the Project Dissemination Conference, DTI Conference Centre December 2006 |
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The report contains the proceedings and output from a conference to discuss the findings of the UKWIR Barriers to Innovation project report 06/RG/10/1. The original work was carried out by the Policy Research in Engineering, Science and Technology ce... |
| 96/WM/01/15 |
Bedding and Backfill for Small Excavations |
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The HAUC Specification for reinstatement recognises the need for good compaction of backfill. However, standard GSB Type 1 contains large particules up to 37.5mm in size which prevent effective compaction in small openings. The aims of this project w... |
| 01/SL/08/2 |
Beneficial Effects of Biosolids on Soil Quality and Fertility |
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The literature review and field study measurements have demonstrated that repeated biosolids applications have beneficial effects on a range of soil physical (plant available water supply, soil strength and porosity, and water infiltration rates) and... |
| 99/SL/08/1 |
Beneficial Effects of Biosolids on Soil Quality and Fertility – Literature Review |
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Application of biosolids, usually at a rate of 250 kg N ha -1 , will typically apply 5- 8 tds ha -1 , equivalent to 2- 4 t OM ha -1 . Regular application of biosolids at this rate will lead to slow but progressive increases in soil OM content. Biosol... |
| 00/DW/03/14 |
Benefits of Modelling Water Quality |
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This report reviews the benefits/ disbenefits of modelling/ GIS tools for maintaining and monitoring water quality. It concludes that there are potentially great benefits but software capability is limited. The software that is readily available in t... |
| 06/WW/13/8 |
Best Practicable Means (BPM) - A Guidebook for Odour Control at Wastewater Treatment Works |
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This Guidebook has been written specifically to assist Wastewater Treatment Works (WwTW) operators to select the means to abate nuisance caused by odour from their works. It provides guidelines for an odour management hierarchy, ranging from preventi... |
| 99/WM/08/25 |
Best Practice for Unmeasured Per Capita Consumption Monitors |
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Within the annual water balance, water companies have to estimate unmeasured per capita consumption (PCC) for which various methods are available. The primary project objective was to develop best practice for estimating unmeasured PCC. Other objecti... |
| 08/WW/21/10 |
Best Practice for Flow Data Flagging |
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Water companies are required to measure, and report to the Environment Agency, the volumes of effluent discharged from wastewater treatment works. This data is used for assessment of compliance with consent limits and broader catchment management. As... |
| 12/CU/02/12 |
Best Practice for National Communications - Responsible Use of Sewers: Report on Customer Research |
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This project explored the best methods for communicating with customers about the responsible use of drains and sewers and how to improve awarenes of items that are/ are not suitable for flushing. Understanding reasons why misuse of sewers currently ... |
| 11/WM/08/46 |
Best Practice for the Derivation of Cost Curves in Economic Level of Leakage Analysis |
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Cost curves are required in economic level of leakage analysis to relate the total or marginal cost of leakage control to the level of leakage. This report reviews current methods for deriving cost curves and identifies changes that can be made to im... |
| 10/WW/23/6 |
Better Regulation:Integrated Catchment Regulation |
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This project was established to identify options for the application of better regulation which should seek to improve the balance between the environmental gains in water quality through permitting and the potential economic and environmental costs.... |
| 10/CU/01/5 |
Billing and Operational Services - Preferred Customer Communication Channels |
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Thie project examined the way that water companies communicate with their customers regarding water and sewerage services and charges, and included a review of alternative channels made possible by new technology. It aimed to provide the industry wit... |
| 95/DW/05/9 |
Bioavailability of Metals from Drinking Water |
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Bioavailability is an issue of concern for the UK Water Industry because it has important implications for the setting of drinking water quality standards and for assessment of potential risks to consumers in case of a contamination incident. This re... |
| 96/WM/01/16 |
Bituminous Reinstatements in Small Openings : Performance of Compaction Equipment |
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Lists the compaction equipment available following a water industry survey and literature searches. Results are given for seven basecourse material compactors and three wearing course compactors using an in- house trial road. Gives details of ease of... |
| 01/WM/03/5 |
Blistering of Linings |
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PDL have conducted the first major study to investigate the causes of blistering by considering the fundamentals of the blistering phenomenon and conducting methodical investigation in the laboratory.
The work has provided a far greater understandin... |
| 95/DW/05/4 |
Bromate from the use of Chlorine in Water Treatment |
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Work was undertaken to study the concentration of bromate in commercial hypochlorite solutions and the effect of storage time, and to assess the possibility of bromate formation during chlorination. The report concludes that a change from the use of ... |
| 05/RG/05/14 |
Capital Maintenance Planning Common Framework: Review of Current Practice |
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The Capital Maintenance Planning C... |
| 03/RG/05/4 |
Capital Maintenance Planning Manual |
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THIS "REPORT" WILL PROVIDE YOU WITH ACCESS TO THE CAPITAL MAINTENANCE PLANNING MANUAL, CURRENTLY PRESENTED IN A DEDICATED FORUM ON THIS SITE. WITHIN THE FORUM THERE ARE SEVERAL PDF REPORTS FOR YOU TO READ.
IN RETURN FOR PURCHASING THIS REPORT YOU W... |
| 02/RG/05/3 |
Capital Maintenance Planning: A Common Framework Volume 1: Overview |
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This is volume 1 of a 4 volume set, all of which are provided when you order this volume.
A Common Framework for Capital Maintenance Planning has been developed building upon the concepts outlined in the Ofwat letter MD161 (‘Maintaining Serviceabi... |
| 08/RG/05/23 |
Capital Maintenance Planning: Asset Deterioration Database (WIDER) - Volume I: Project Report |
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The third phase of the Water Industry Database of Equipment Reliability (WIDER) project comprised a three year implementation and delivery stage, building on earlier phases. Volume I presents an outline record of the activities undertaken, outputs ac... |
| 06/RG/05/16 |
Capital Maintenance Planning: Failure Data and Analysis Methodology for Water Mains |
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| 03/RG/05/9 |
Capital Maintenance Planning: Implications for Maintenance of Growth in the Asset Base |
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The water industry has seen considerable growth in its asset base over the last fifteen years. This will be reflected in a requirement for increased levels of capital maintenance spend. The methodology, and supporting model, provide a significant co... |
| 09/CL/01/10 |
Carbon Accounting in the Water Industry: Non-CO2 Emissions |
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In 2004, UKWIR developed a workbook to support a standardised approach to the quantification of GHG emissions arising from operational activities of UK water companies. Developing the workbook involved selecting GHG estimation methodologies and Emiss... |
| 11/RG/07/22 |
Carrying out Willingness to Pay Surveys |
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This report sets out recommendations on the methodological steps for undertaking willingness to pay (WTP) surveys. These surveys are undertaken by water companies to elicit customers' preferences on aspects of service and environmental quality as par... |
| 05/DW/02/39 |
Catchment to Consumer: Water Safety Plans Part 2 |
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An Electronic Guidance Manual has been produced to guide water companies through developing and implementing Water Safety Plans (WSP). The manual is based on the framework developed during Part 1 of the UKWIR project report titled "Managing microb... |
| 96/WR/05/1 |
Causes of and Future Trends in Peak Household Water Demands |
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Summer 1995 is ranked against hot, dry summers since 1966 and the probability of a recurrence by 2005 assessed for the regions of the UK. Peak household water demands are related to weather and socio- economic variables to give predictions to 2005. I... |
| 97/DW/03/8 |
Changes in the Quality of Treated Water During Storage |
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Analyses and discusses the results of a survey of treated water from twelve works to quantify "shelf life" and changes over time in terms of disinfection by- products and biological growth with respect to temperature, water type and disinfectant resi... |
| 06/WW/23/4 |
Characterisation and Treatment of Water Industry Waste Streams for Landfill Disposal |
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Emerging legislation controlling the handling and disposal of wastes will have a major impact on the UK Water Industry. Landfill waste acceptance procedures have been introduced and non-hazardous wastes will require pre-treatment prior to landfilling... |
| 01/WW/08/10 |
Characteristics of Sewage Particles |
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The report combines the findings of two projects sponsored by UKWIR's CSO Research Group. One, by Sheffield Hallam University, carried out an evaluation process to categorise the different particulates in raw sewage and produce distributions of term... |
| 12/WW/02/3 |
Chemical Source Apportionment under the WFD |
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A GIS based tool (SAGIS)Â to apportion loads and concentration of chemicals to WFD water bodies has been developed to support river basin planning by the UK Water Industry and the Environment Agency to identify effective programmes of measures,... |
| 98/DW/03/9 |
Chlorine and Monochloramine Demand of Materials for Drinking Water Distribution Systems |
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Classifies disinfection demand of new pipe materials (polyethylene, PVC, grey iron, cast iron, bitumen lined or exposed ductile iron, cement and epoxy lined iron) and for old cement pipes, taking into account both the pipe wall and water effects. Def... |
| 09/DW/13/1 |
Chlorine Usage, Availability and Trends |
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Questions over the availability and cost of chlorine, and its acceptability in relation to Health and Safety, environmental, customer, and by-product concerns, led to the need to consider alternatives for water treatment in the UK in the medium to lo... |
| 08/CL/01/7 |
Climate Change - A Programme of Research for the UK Water Industry: Volume 1 - Summary Report |
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This report provides a first climate-related snapshot looking across the UK water industry and out to 2100. It identifies where significant uncertainties in the climate science remain, the nature and extent of impact and business risks, adaptation op... |
| 03/CL/10/1 |
Climate Change and the Hydraulic Design of Sewerage Systems - Volume I: Climate Change Effects on Rainfall; IA - Climate Change and the Production of FSR, FEH and Year 2080 Rainfall Maps |
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This report is part of a major study on the impact of climate change on sewerage hydraulic design. The project was wide ranging, but with a principle focus on the performance of sewerage systems under future (year 2080) rainfall conditions a... |
| 03/CL/10/3 |
Climate Change and the Hydraulic Design of Sewerage Systems Volume I: Climate Change Effects on Rainfall; IC - Seasonality Study |
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This report is part of a major study on the impact of climate change on sewerage hydraulic design The project was wide ranging, but with a principle focus on the performance of sewerage systems under future (year 2080) rainfall conditions and what ch... |
| 03/CL/10/4 |
Climate Change and the Hydraulic Design of Sewerage Systems Volume II: Rainfall Data Production & Analysis; IIA - Time-Series and Design Event Update |
info |
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This report is part of a major study on the impact of climate change on sewerage hydraulic design The project was wide ranging, but with a principle focus on the performance of sewerage systems under future (year 2080) rainfall conditions and what ch... |
| 03/CL/10/5 |
Climate Change and the Hydraulic Design of Sewerage Systems Volume II: Rainfall Data Production & Analysis; IIB - Time-Series Rainfall - Disaggregation |
info |
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This report is part of a major study on the impact of climate change on sewerage hydraulic design The project was wide ranging, but with a principle focus on the performance of sewerage systems under future (year 2080) rainfall conditions and what ch... |
| 03/CL/10/6 |
Climate Change and the Hydraulic Design of Sewerage Systems Volume III: Sewerage System Modelling; IIIA -Â Changes in the Performance of Sewerage Networks |
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This report is part of a major study on the impact of climate change on sewerage hydraulic design The project was wide ranging, but with a principle focus on the performance of sewerage systems under future (year 2080) rainfall conditions and wh... |
| 03/CL/10/7 |
Climate Change and the Hydraulic Design of Sewerage Systems Volume III: Sewerage System Modelling; IIIB - Changes in Sewerage Run-off and Water Quality |
info |
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This report is part of a major study on the impact of climate change on sewerage hydraulic design The project was wide ranging, but with a principle focus on the performance of sewerage systems under future (year 2080) rainfall conditions and what... |
| 03/CL/10/8 |
Climate Change and the Hydraulic Design of Sewerage Systems Volume III: Sewerage System Modelling; IIIC - Changes in River Levels and Flows around the UK |
info |
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This report is part of a major study on the impact of climate change on sewerage hydraulic design The project was wide ranging, but with a principle focus on the performance of sewerage systems under future (year 2080) rainfall conditions and wh... |
| 03/CL/10/9 |
Climate Change and the Hydraulic Design of Sewerage Systems Volume III: Sewerage System Modelling; IIID Increase in Mean and Extreme Sea Levels around the UK |
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This report is part of a major study on the impact of climate change on sewerage hydraulic design The project was wide ranging, but with a principle focus on the performance of sewerage systems under future (year 2080) rainfall conditions and what... |
| 03/CL/10/10 |
Climate Change and the Hydraulic Design of Sewerage Systems Volume IV: Associated Topics; IVA - A Comparison between SOIL and HOST; Implications for Urban Drainage Design |
info |
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This report is part of a major study on the impact of climate change on sewerage hydraulic design The project was wide ranging, but with a principle focus on the performance of sewerage systems under future (year 2080) rainfall conditions and what ch... |
| 03/CL/10/11 |
Climate Change and the Hydraulic Design of Sewerage Systems Volume IV: Associated Topics; IVB - International Drainage Practices |
info |
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This report is part of a major study on the impact of climate change on sewerage hydraulic design The project was wide ranging, but with a principle focus on the performance of sewerage systems under future (year 2080) rainfall condit... |
| 03/CL/10/12 |
Climate Change and the Hydraulic Design of Sewerage Systems Volume IV: Associated Topics; IVC - Spatial High Intensity Rainfall |
info |
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This report is part of a major study on the impact of climate change on sewerage hydraulic design The project was wide ranging, but with a principle focus on the performance of sewerage systems under future (year 2080) rainfall conditions and what ch... |
| 03/CL/10/0 |
Climate Change and the Hydraulic Design of Sewerage Systems: Summary Report |
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This report provides an overview of the findings from this major study on the impact of climate change on sewerage hydraulic design. In addition to this Summary Report there are 12 other reports collated in 4 volumes.
The investigations r... |
| 03/CL/10/2 |
Climate Change and the Hydraulic Design of Sewerage Systems: Volume I - Climate Change Effects on Rainfall; IB Sensitivity Report: Validation of HadRM3 and Comparison with HadRM2 |
info |
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This report is part of a major study on the impact of climate change on sewerage hydraulic design The project was wide ranging, but with a principle focus on the performance of sewerage systems under future (year 2080) rainfall conditions and what ch... |
| 11/CL/08/2 |
Climate Change Implications for Water Treatment:Volume I - Overview Report |
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This study assesses the impact of climate change on source water quality and its implications for the treatment of drinking water. It provides a framework for assessing potential risks to treatment processes and identification of adaptation resp... |
| 10/CL/10/15 |
Climate Change Modelling for Sewerage Networks |
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The study provides guidance on incorporating climate change impacts into the modelling of sewerage networks. It is aimed at UK sewerage undertakers and their modelling consultants and is relevant for performance assessments and design.
Th... |
| 05/CL/04/4 |
Climate Change Uncertainty in Water Resource Planning |
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The project investigates uncertainty in the impact of climate change on river flows and water resource. Three sources of uncertainty were considered:
- Uncertainty in climate change projections, due to Global Climate Models (GCM), emi...
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| 07/CL/06/5 |
Climate Change, the Aquatic Environment and the Water Framework Directive |
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This project examined the likely effects of climate change on UK water industry compliance with the Water Framework Directive (WFD), set in the context of other expected changes, such as demographic shifts or changes in land-use.
A range ... |
| 11/WR/33/3 |
Code of Practice and Guidance on Water Use Restrictions |
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This report comprises a Code of Practice and guidance to water companies on the implementation of water use restrictions to manage demand during times of drought. It provides an overview of the drought planning and management process, and is designed... |
| 04/WM/04/3 |
Code of Practice for Self-laying Water Mains and Services - Final Report |
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Summarises the work carried out under the UKWIR project 'Code of Practice for self-laying water mains and services'. The report describes the drafting and consultation processes in developing the Code.
The Code of Practice is to be published by W... |
| 95/WM/01/6 |
Cold Laid Surfacing for Reinstatements |
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This report describes trials of promising, cold- lay bituminous materials to evaluate and develop their suitability for water industry permanent reinstatement applications. The trials indicate that better quality control is required in the manufactur... |
| 97/WM/01/37 |
Cold- Lay Material Compaction: Final Report |
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Investigates the effectiveness of permanent cold-lay surfacing materials for reinstatement of highway openings. Assesses the suitability of a range of compaction equipment around surface boxes for both cold-lay basecourse and wearing course surface m... |
| 95/WM/01/2 |
Compaction around Narrow Trenches and Boxes |
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This report investigates the overall performance of reinstatements around boundary boxes, valve chambers and within narrow trenches using various backfill and bedding materials. The project has demonstrated that: -
+ It is possible to achieve satisf... |
| 01/SL/12/1 |
Comparative Environmental Aspects of Available Biosolids Routes |
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This study provides an independent comparison of the environmental consequences resulting from the selection of the more readily available biosolids processes and uses. Biosolids does not always enjoy a positive public image but the situation can be... |
| 95/DW/03/2 |
Comparison of AOC and BDOC with Surrogates for Determining Nutrients in UK Drinking Water |
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Measurements of nutrients in drinking water is currently carried out by one of two approaches, Assimilable Organic Carbon (AOC) or Biodegrable Dissolved Organic Carbon (BDOC). These approaches have evolved different analytical techniques. There was c... |
| 01/WW/23/1 |
Comparison of Member State Implementation and Reporting of Five Waste Water Related European Council Directives |
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Adoption and implementation of the Urban Waste Water Treatment, Dangerous Substances, Shellfish Waters, Freshwater Fish and Bathing Water Directives are compared between the EU Member States.... |
| 11/RG/03/2 |
Competition in the Water Sector: A Review of the Cost-Benefit Analysis Knowledge Base |
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There has been a great deal of dicsussion about competition reform over the past three years. This discussion has generated a large knowledge base on the costs and benefits of introducing competition in the water sector, referred to as 'the cost-bene... |
| 98/DW/04/5 |
Concentration of Lead at Customer's Taps: Trends in Monitoring Data from 1990 - 1996 |
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Analyses concentrations of lead at customer taps for 24 water companies in the UK and determines trends in compliance from 1990 to 1996 using arithmetic mean, geometric mean and median values. Tabulates the effect of different limit of detection inte... |
| 99/DW/04/8 |
Concentration of lead at customers taps': Trends in monitoring data 1990 to 1998 |
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Lead statutory monitoring data from UK water companies for 1997 and part of 1998 were collected and entered into an Industry database. Three methods of statistical analysis (arithmetic mean, geometric mean nad median) were used to assess whether wate... |
| 97/DW/04/2 |
Concentration of Lead at Customers’ Taps: A Statistical Approach |
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Uses real data from 1990 to 1995 from 24 water companies to test a wide
range of possible statistical interpretations that are likely to emerge from
the revised Drinking Water Directive. Shows the wide variation in compliance
when using arithmetic... |
| 08/RG/07/16 |
Consequences of Controls on Organic Chemicals in Sludge |
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The study has examined the risks, options and costs to the UK water industry associated with sewage sludge non-compliance against organic chemical limits proposed for inclusion in furure revisions to the 1986 EU Sludge Directive (86/27/EEC). Using th... |
| 95/WM/01/1 |
Conventional Backfill - Final Report |
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Foam concrete and grouts are now available to the water industry as an alternative to conventional backfill material. It is claimed that these new materials can achieve more reliable reinstatement, with less need to return and repair. The objectives ... |
| 04/WM/08/31 |
Cost Effective Leakage Survey Practice |
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A framework has been developed for processing and analysing cost and effectiveness data for DMA prioritisation and leak detection techniques. Initial guidance on suitable assessment criteria is also presented in the report. The necessity for further ... |
| 02/WR/23/1 |
Critical Period Groundwater Yield |
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This project investigated the impacts of drought and climate change on the deployable output of groundwater sources. Observation borehole data were interrogated, using statistical models, to assess the nature of groundwater droughts and the potential... |
| 05/CU/02/1 |
Critical Review of Relevant Research Concerning the Effects of Charging and Collection Methods on Water Demand, Different Customer Groups and Debt |
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Appraisal of evidence from both the 1988-92 National Metering Trials and limited later studies confirmed earlier work suggesting average demand reductions resulting from domestic metering in England & Wales in the 10%-15% range. Peak demand effect... |
| 98/DW/06/7 |
Cryptosporidium and Water Treatment: Particle and Spore Counting, GAC and ManganeseFiltration and Backwash Settlement |
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These studies fill a number of gaps in knowledge of removal processes and monitoring of Cryptosporidium during water treatment. The main findings are as follows. (i) Evidence of the potential benefits of spore measurement for further optimisation of ... |
| 96/DW/06/3 |
Cryptosporidium Removal during Water Treatment |
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This report is a continuation of a 1994/ 95 UKWIR contract investigating aspects of water treatment plant operation which influence removal or inactivation of Cryptosporidium oocysts. The results have provided further evidence of the effectiveness of... |
| 00/DW/06/14 |
Cryptosporidium: Implications for Variable Declining-rate Filtration |
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The objectives of the work were to review the principles of variable declining rate (VDR) filtration and the implication for Cryptosporidium risk, in comparison with constant rate rfiltration, particularly in a UK context. Results are provided for a... |
| 97/WW/08/1 |
CSO Performance evaluation: Results of a field programme to assess the total solids retention efficiency performance of side weir and stilling pond chambers |
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Studies the total solids efficiency performance of four combined sewer overflow chambers at the national CSO testing facility. They were tested under controllable and repeatable flow conditions using real sewage. Describes the test facility. The resu... |
| 12/CU/02/11 |
Customer Behaviour and Water Use - A good practice manual and roadmap for household consumption forecasting |
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Forecasting household consumption is a key element of water resource management plans (WRMP); however there remain gaps in understanding the factors of influence especially relating to customer behaviour.
This report recommends good practice i... |
| 11/RG/01/3 |
Customer Involvement in Price Setting |
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This report is from the UKWIR study on customer involvement in the water industry's price setting process. Its purpose is to identify and develop ways of bringing customer input to bear on future decisions about water and sewerage bills and associate... |
| 99/WM/09/1 |
Customer Psychology in Relation to Operational Practice 1998/ 99 |
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The research, which involved both qualitative and quantitative methodologies, examines how customers determine their levels of satisfaction with the service from their clean water supplier, with specific attention paid to that company’s operational p... |
| 07/CU/04/5 |
Customer Targeted Debt Management |
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UKWIR commissioned Accent to conduct research into intelligent claiming and the DWP Water Direct scheme. The research comprised desk research, an all-company survey, depth interviews with representatives of nine companies and research among customers... |
| 95/WM/01/5 |
Damage to Highways by Leaks and Bursts |
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Leaks and bursts can damage highways, and there are no procedures agreed by the water utilities and the highway authorities for assessing this damage. This project set out to review the legislation relating to damage caused to highways, and to develo... |
| 07/WW/17/6 |
Dangerous Substances and Priority Hazardous Substances/ Priority Substances under the Water Framework Directive: Initial Report: A Comparison between Options and Costs for Source Control Versus End-of-Pipe Treatment |
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The work reported here is an extension to the UKWIR WW/17 project and has been co-funded by UKWIR, OFWAT, the Environment Agency and Defra. The report provides an overview of the environmental, social and economic implications of tackling pollution a... |
| 07/WW/17/7 |
Dangerous Substances and Priority Hazardous Substances/Priority Substances under the Water Framework Directive |
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This latest report in the research programme on Dangerous Substances and Priority Hazardous Substances/Priority Substances under the Water Framework Directive has developed the understanding of the sources, quantities, removal and risk posed to ... |
| 07/WW/21/9 |
Dangerous Substances in Discharges: Setting Consent Conditions and Assessing Compliance |
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Applying Maximum Limits (MLs) to Dangerous Substances (DSs) in Wastewater Treatment Works (WwTWs) effluents poses problems. This report describes work for UKWIR and the Environment Agency to quantify effluent variability and propose consenting a... |
| 09/CU/04/6 |
Debt Collection Performance and Income Deprivation |
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This report examines the relationship between water company unrecovered revenue (debt) and income deprivation at the small area level. Debt has become a growing problem for water companies in the UK, rising by 40% over the last 5 years. It has been p... |
| 97/WM/01/32 |
Deep Excavations: Compliance with the HAUC Specification |
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Gives details on the practice of deep excavations, including the permanent surfacing, at five sites. Reports on their compliance with HAUC specifications. Examines the relationship between compliance and actual performance.... |
| 96/WM/01/22 |
Deep Excavations: Compliance with the HAUC Specification and Long- Term Monitoring |
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Gives details on the practice, including the permanent surfacing, at five deep excavation sites. Reports on their compliance with HAUC specifications.
Describes the long term monitoring of these and five additional new sites and discusses reasons fo... |
| 12/RG/07/26 |
Defining and Incentivising Outcomes and Measures of Success |
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Under Ofwat's proposed methodology for PR14, companies will be asked to propose outcomes, measures of success and outcome incentives in ther business plans. Companies will also have to engage with a wide range of stakeholders when developing outcomes... |
| 95/WM/01/4 |
Delayed Backfill |
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This project studied the effect of leaving excavations open longer than 24 hours. It was considered that excavations left open and unsupported might lead to subsidence and consequent damage to the road surface around the excavation. Water utilities w... |
| 04/WW/21/4 |
Detecting and Responding to Sewer Blockages |
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The report considers the occurrence and causes of sewer blockages and reviews current management practice in the context of regulatory developments. A general specification is provided for a blockage detection system, including requirements for insta... |
| 07/RG/05/17 |
Deterioration Models and Tools for Non-Infrastructure Assets |
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This project developed deterioration models for above-ground assets which will allow companies to input their own data and draw their own conclusions. A suite of life distribution and repair rate modelling tools were developed to cover a range of mec... |
| 11/WM/13/1 |
Deterioration Rates of Long-life, Low Probability of Failure Assets: Literature Review |
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Several asset groups within the water industry can best be described as long life, low probability, extreme consequence of failure assets. Inclusion of these assets within company investment plans requires consideration of the probability and consequ... |
| 11/WM/13/2 |
Deterioration Rates of Long-life, Low Probability of Failure Assets: Project Report |
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Several asset groups within the water industry can best be described as long life, low probability, extreme consequence of failure assets. Inclusion of these assets within company investment plans requires consideration of the probability and consequ... |
| 06/RG/05/15 |
Deterioration Rates of Sewers |
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The deterioration of sewers is a complex process subject to many intrinsic and extrinsic influences. The report examines the data available in the UK on which a determination of the rate of deterioration of different classes of sewers could be based.... |
| 11/SL/13/4 |
Determining Energy Yield from Various Co-digestible Wastes |
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WaSCs are currently uncertain about how to progress co-digestion schemes because of doubts over waste availability, gas yield and allowable business models.
This work screened a large number of potential organic wastes and then carried out a m... |
| 01/WR/21/1 |
Diffuse Pollutants in Groundwater -- Economic Appraisal |
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The study presents a methodology for a financial assessment of the environmental impacts of diffuse pollutants on groundwater. The importance of local factors and the need for site-specific controls on agricultural activities are highlighted. The iss... |
| 05/WW/04/11 |
Disinfection of Storm Sewage Discharges |
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The review evaluated the evidence for the satisfactory performance of storm sewage disinfection techniques as an alternative to increased storm sewage storage and subsequent return to full treatment. A review of the effectiveness of a range of alte... |
| 02/DW/03/19 |
Distributing Drinking Water with Low or Zero Disinfectant Residual |
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This collaborative project between UKWIR and Kiwa NV assesses the role of maintaining a disinfectant residual in water distribution through evaluation of literature, data and practical experiences in the Netherlands and in the UK. The report describe... |
| 07/RG/05/20 |
Distribution: Development of National Deterioration Models |
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A set of burst rate models has been developed for use by the UK water industry.
Existing research in mains deterioration modelling was reviewed and the availability of suitable data within the UK water industry assessed. Data sets were received fr... |
| 06/WM/18/3 |
DOMS - What Can We Learn? Research Report |
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Existing water company Distribution Operation and Maintenance Strategies (DOMS) have been reviewed in order to identify current best practice and highlight areas where further development would be beneficial.
Research has been under... |
| 06/WM/18/1 |
DOMS Guidance Manual Volume 1: Non-Technical Overview |
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This document provides an overview in non-technical language of water company Distribution Operation and Maintenance Strategies (DOMS), expressed in a question and answer format. It is intended for water company managers and colleagues from outs... |
| 06/WM/18/2 |
DOMS Guidance Manual Volume 2: Guidance |
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This Guidance Manual is intended to assist UK water companies in further developing their Distribution Operation and Maintenance Strategies (DOMS).
The purpose of a water company DOMS is to ensure customers are supplied with water of... |
| 08/DW/02/48 |
Drinking Water Safety Plans - Risk Based Approach |
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This project has assessed the progress made with DWSPs by the UK water companies, the approaches taken to risk assessment and any strengths, weaknesses or issues with the DWSP process. An evaluation of how DWSPs integrate with and support the 2009 Pe... |
| 08/DW/02/49 |
Drinking Water Safety Plans - Stakeholder Communications |
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This project investigated the communicaation of Drinking Water Safety Plans with four critical stakeholders: the Drinking Water Inspectorate (DWI), Counsumer Council for Water (CCWater), Health Protection Agency (HPA) and the Environment Agency.
|
| 07/WR/02/2 |
Drought and Demand: Potential for Improving the Management of Future Droughts |
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The objective of this study was to identify improvements or clarifications that could be made to existing regulations and legislation to improve the management of future droughts.
Current legislation relevant to the management of demand in ... |
| 07/WR/02/4 |
Drought and Demand: Scoping Study Investigating Drought Effects on Water Quality in Distribution |
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The project involved a short desk-based study to examine the potential effects that drought may have on water quality in the distribution system. It attempted to identify the consequences for water availability, costs and quality at the customers'... |
| 99/SL/06/4 |
E. coli in U. K. Mesophilic Anaerobically Digested Sludges |
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The results of a repeat survey carried out at five operational sites confirm that Mesophilic Anaerobic Digestion can reduce numbers of E. coli by up to 4 orders of magnitude. The average log reduction recorded in the second survey was 2.08, higher th... |
| 99/WW/11/1 |
EC Bathing Waters Directive Enterovirus Research |
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This composite report sets out the findings of the four separate literature reviews carried out to identify current knowledge and gaps which may exist on enterovirus. The individual abstracts for each review are set out below.
Review of Sources of E... |
| 07/WW/06/6 |
Economic Assessment of Management Options for WwTW Wastes |
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Sewer grit and sewage screenings are generated in the preliminary stages of wastewater treatment, and most of this waste is currently landfilled. Increases in landfill disposal charges, the imposition of the landfill tax and the reduction in void spa... |
| 10/WW/21/14 |
Economic Level of Service for Sewer Blockages |
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Over 160,000 sewer blockages are reported each year in England & Wales; or about 0.5 blockages per kilometre of sewer per year. These lead to a wide range of service failures including property flooding and pollution. About 75% of the blockage manage... |
| 03/CL/04/2 |
Effect of Climate Change on River Flows and Groundwater Recharge UKCIP 02 Scenarios |
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This report presents a procedure for the rapid determination of the effects of climate change by the 2020s on mean monthly runoff and average annual groundwater recharge for strategic scale assessments. The procedure uses three core UKCIP02 scenario... |
| 05/CL/04/6 |
Effect of Climate Change on River Flows and Groundwater Recharge, A Practical Methodology: A Strategy for Evaluating Uncertainty in Assessing the Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources |
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This report develops a strategy for evaluating uncertainties related to assessing the impacts of climate change on river flows and groundwater recharge. The strategy considers the use of different climate models, hydrological models and methods for t... |
| 06/CL/04/7 |
Effect of Climate Change on River Flows and Groundwater Recharge, A Practical Methodology: Interim Report on Rainfall-Runoff Modelling |
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This report presents interim results on the impacts of climate change on average monthly river flows and recharge in the UK. It is based on rainfall-runoff modelling of 27 catchments for the 1961-1990 period and for the 2020s and one climate change e... |
| 07/CL/04/9 |
Effect of Climate Change on River Flows and Groundwater Recharge, A Practical Methodology: Recharge and Groundwater Level Impact Assessment |
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This report provides tools and guidance on how to estimate changes in recharge and regional groundwater levels based on changes in precipitation and potential evaporation. The report provides a framework for assessing the impacts of climate ... |
| 07/CL/04/10 |
Effect of Climate Change on River Flows and Groundwater Recharge, A Practical Methodology: Synthesis Report |
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This report provides a synthesis of the research outputs of the UKWIR and Environment Agency research project 'Effects of climate change on river flows and groundwater recharge'. A 'Guidelines Report' described a framework and practical methods for u... |
| 05/CL/04/5 |
Effect of Climate Change on River Flows and Groundwater Recharge, A Practical Methodology: Trends in UK River Flows 1970-2002 |
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Since the late 1980s the UK climate has suffered from a series of dry periods, such as the 1995 drought, and a number of severe floods, such as the flash flooding in Boscastle in August 2004. These events have raised concerns that climate change i... |
| 05/CL/04/3 |
Effect of Climate Change on River Flows and Groundwater Recharge, A Practical Methodology: Use of Climate Change Scenario Data at a Catchment Level |
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This report provides background information on using the United Kingdom Climate Impacts Programme (UKCIP02) climate scenarios (Hulme, et al., 2002) and catchment scale climate scenario data developed as the deliverable from Task 1of this res... |
| 00/DW/03/13 |
Effect of District Meter Areas on Water Quality |
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From the modelling work, case study and discussions with the industry, it is concluded that the net long term effect of creating DMAs does not appear to be detrimental to water quality on a day to day basis.
The short term effect of creating DMAs de... |
| 96/DW/05/10 |
Effect of Water Treatment Processes on Oestrogenic Chemicals |
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Preliminary investigation into the effect, under laboratory conditions, of chlorination, coagulation, ozonation and powdered activated carbon (PAC) on a range of chemicals (steroids and nonylphenols) that have demonstrated oestrogenic activity in lab... |
| 97/WM/07/2 |
Effectiveness of Anti- Flooding Devices in Sewers and Drains |
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Provides information on the types of anti-flooding devices available, gives guidance on the situations in which they are appropriate and discusses data reliability and maintenance aspects. Reports the effectiveness of such devices based on the analys... |
| 97/CL/04/1 |
Effects of Climate Change on River Flows and Groundwater Recharge: Guidelines for Resource Assessment |
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Examines the impacts of four climate scenarios on six climatic regions of the UK. Changes in weather parameters such as rainfall, temperature, potential evaporation are given together with the resulting changes in monthly river flows and in groundwat... |
| 06/CL/04/8 |
Effects of Climate Change on River Flows and Groundwater Recharge: Guidelines for Resource Assessment and UKWIR06 Scenarios |
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This report provides technical guidelines for the assessment of the impacts of climate change on average monthly river flows and recharge in UK catchments for the 2020s based on scenarios derived from six Global Climate models. It builds on previous ... |
| 05/CL/06/4 |
Effects of Climate Change on River Water Quality |
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The potential impact of predicted climate change on water quality in UK rivers, and its implications to the UK water industry, was investigated using a newly developed, fully distributed catchment-scale hydrological and water quality model, CAS-Hy... |
| 03/CL/06/3 |
Effects of Climate Change on River Water Quality Phase 3 - Scoping Study |
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This is a scoping study for the third phase of investigations into the effects of climate change on river water quality. It firstly investigates what water quality parameters are of concern to the water industry, how they may be affected by climate ... |
| 03/SL/01/4 |
Effects of Sewage Sludge Applications to Agricultural Soils on Soil Microbial Activity and the Implications for Agricultural Productivity and Long Term Soil Fertility |
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This interim report summarises a long term study to date of specific heavy metal ( Zn, Cd & Cu derived from sewage sludges) upon soil microbial diversity and crop uptake.
The evidence to date shows that the trials as originally envisaged are establi... |
| 08/SL/01/6 |
Effects of Sewage Sludge Applications to Agricultural Soils on Soil Microbial Activity and the Implications for Agricultural Productivity and Long-Term Soil Fertility: Phase III |
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Sewage Sludge Applications to Agricultural Soils.
This interim report summarises the results to date from a long-term study evaluating the effects of sewage sludge applications to agricultural soils on soil quality and fertility at ... |
| 13/DW/14/6 |
Emerging Pesticides; What Next? |
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Metaldehyde and similar emerging pesticides present a major problem to the water industry. In 2009, metaldehyde concentrations up to 1μg/L were measured in raw waters and 73 WTWs failed the drinking water pesticide standard. Catchment control meas... |
| 04/TX/04/9 |
Endocrine Disrupters in Sewage Influents - Analytical Method Development |
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A performance tested analytical method has been developed to determine the natural oestrogens, oestrone and 17-b-oestradiol and the synthetic oestrogen ethinyl oestradiol in sewage influent. Samples were extracted after filtration to separate the liq... |
| 04/TX/04/8 |
Endocrine Disrupters in Sewage Sludge: A Comparison of Analytical Methods |
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The aim of this research was to determine the oestrogenicity of sewage sludge and soils and to determine endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) using a newly developed method. The results show that free steroid oestrogens were detectable at low concen... |
| 03/TX/04/7 |
Endocrine Disrupters in Sewage Sludge: Analytical Method Development |
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A performance tested analytical method has been developed to determine the natural oestrogens, oestrone and 17-b-oestradiol and the synthetic oestrogen ethinyl oestradiol in sewage sludge and soil. Samples were extracted with methanol using accelerat... |
| 06/TX/04/13 |
Endocrine Disrupters: A Review of the Science Underpinning the ED Research Programme |
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There is increasing evidence of a causal link between endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and aquatic effects, particularly on individual fish. However, there are few data to substantiate any population-level effects on aquatic communities.&n... |
| 02/TX/04/6 |
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Wastewater - A Study of Treatment Options and Potential Costs |
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The objective of the study was to gather and present information on processes for removing endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) from wastewater treatment works effluents and to provide a methodology to determine the cost of imposing new controls on ... |
| 02/TX/04/5 |
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Wastewater: A Review of Occurrence and Removal |
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The objective of the study was to review the current state of knowledge of the removal and degradation of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in wastewater treatment works. The steroid oestrogens (SOs) were identified as the most likely group of s... |
| 09/TX/04/16 |
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals National Demonstration Programme: Assessment of the Performance of WwTW in Removing Oestrogenic Substances |
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The feminisation of wild fish (termed 'intersex') has been associated with elevated concentrations of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in some wastewater treatment works (WwTW) effluents. To further an understanding of how current WwTW processes... |
| 04/TX/04/10 |
Endocrine Modulating Effects of Wastewater Treatment Effluents |
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This project set out to investigate the effects of exposure to wastewater treatment works (WwTW) effluent on sexual development in roach (Rutilus rutilus). Two life periods believed to be susceptible to sexual disruption (embryos/fry and adult-post-s... |
| 10/CL/11/2 |
Energy Efficiency in the UK Water Industry: A Compendium of Best Practices and Case Studies |
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Over the last decade, energy consumption by the water sector has increased considerably as a consequence of the implementation of new technologies to meet tightening potable water and effluent quality standards. The price of energy has also subs... |
| 10/CL/11/3 |
Energy Efficiency in the Water Industry: A Compendium of Best Practices and Case Studies - Global Report |
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Energy consumption by the water sector has increased considerably as a consequence of the implementation of new technologies to meet tightening potable water and effluent quality standards. The price of energy around the world has also substanti... |
| 11/SL/06/8 |
Enteric Pathogen Survival in Sewage Sludge-Amended Agricultural Soil |
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Biosolids represent the solid fraction of sewage and potentially contain a number of human and animal pathogens. This report describes a series of field trials in which sewage sludge that had been subjected to selected treatment methods was land appl... |
| 04/EQ/01/1 |
Environmental Benefit Assessment |
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The project reviewed the Environment Agency's benefit assessment guidance (BAG) to determine whether it is appropriate to apply to the Water Framework Directive (WFD).
BAG is based on a small number of willingness-to-pay studies (used to estimate be... |
| 01/WM/03/6 |
Epoxy Resin - Blistering of Linings |
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A range of laboratory tests have been conducted to assess the propensity of current epoxy resins to form blisters and establish the cause(s) of such blistering when used to line cast iron pipes.
Although the results of such trials were inconclusiv... |
| 97/WM/03/2 |
Epoxy Resin - Small diameter distribution mains: Cutting, Drilling and Tapping |
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Assesses three epoxy resin linings during various cutting, drilling and tapping operations on an in-situ water main. Demonstrates the inspection and assessment methods and records material performance. Evaluates and recommends working practices.... |
| 97/WM/03/1 |
Epoxy Resin Linings - Development of a Water Industry Specification for Epoxy Resin LiningMaterials |
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Gives the test results of five types of epoxy resin lining, with standard mis and +/- 10% hardness. The tests are for long- term durability, salt spray, water erosion/ standard abrasion, blistering, shrinkage and efficiency of cure at low temperature... |
| 97/WM/03/4 |
Epoxy Resin: Cleaning Large Diameter Pipelines for Epoxy Resin Lining |
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Evaluates methods for cleaning large diameter pipelines in preparation for epoxy resin linings with regard to ease of use, practicality, cost and ability to improve adhesion and the potential to reduce blister formation. Recommends suitable cleaning ... |
| 05/DW/06/19 |
Establishing the Relationship between Farm Re-stocking and Cryptosporidia: The Caldew Catchment Study |
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This report details an investigation into the relationship between farm re-stocking and cryptosporidia. The study took place following the foot and mouth disease (FMD) related cull within the River Caldew catchment, Cumbria. The effects of restocking... |
| 99/WM/08/26 |
Estimating Legitimate Non- Household Night Use Allowances |
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This study has produced a robust and generalised methodology that can be used by individual companies to more accurately determine legitimate non-household metered use. This should improve the accuracy of regulatory reporting and of leakage monitorin... |
| 09/WR/25/4 |
Estimating the Water Savings for Baseline Water Efficiency Activities |
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This project produced a method to estimate the amount of water saved as a result of behavioural based (soft) water efficiency activities, allowing the value of these activities to be recognised and traded against the companies' water efficiency targe... |
| 03/WW/22/1 |
Estimation of Population Equivalent |
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The UWWTD defines population equivalent (PE) as a measurement of organic biodegradable load which shall be calculated on the basis of “the maximum average weekly load entering the treatment plant”. This project was designed to test the statistical ... |
| 10/WW/21/13 |
Evaluating Process Based Control as a Management and Regulatory Tool for the Water Sector |
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The Environment Agency's new Operational Risk Appraisal (OPRA) approach offers the water sector and the EA an opportunity to develop Process Based Control (PBC) principles as an alternative to final effluent quality monitoring as a means of regulatio... |
| 99/WM/02/12 |
Evaluation of Long Term Performance the Behaviour of Buried Pipes |
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Monitoring of buried PVCu and thin wall biaxially oriented pipe at Chorley and York has shown that loads and deformations of the pipe are predominately generated during installation and that subsequent transient traffic loads produce no permanent cha... |
| 01/WW/11/3 |
Evaluation of Matrix Effect during the Analysis of Enteroviruses in Wastewater, Natural Waters and Sediments |
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The recovery of virus from wastewater was good and was not affected by the individual matrix. The recovery of virus from sediments was poor and related to the physical properties of clay and sand. Natural waters had a variable recovery of virus tha... |
| 07/WW/11/11 |
Evaluation of T90 Decay Rates for a Range of Micro-organisms Indicative of Sewage Contamination: Phase 2 - Building and Validation of Predictive Models |
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The sunlight-induced inactivation of bacterial indicator organisms, F-specific bacteriophage and poliovirus 2 was investigated in a series of experiments.
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Evaluation of T90 Decay Rates for a Range of Micro-organisms Indicative of Sewage Contamination: Phase I - A Review of Documented Historical Laboratory-Based Studies and Field Applications |
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The study aims to describe the decline of microbial indicator organisms and enteroviruses in water under natural conditions in which all relevant variables, in particular solar radiation, are either measured or controlled. The first phase of the stud... |
| 99/WM/02/11 |
Evaluation of the Resistance to Collapse of Thin Walled Liners |
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In the design of thin walled liners, the resistance to external pressure resulting from internal vacuum or external water table must be considered. It is the primary design criterion for thin-wall cured-in-place sewer linings. Laboratory tests on fou... |
| 01/WM/02/15 |
Evaluation of Welding & Jointing of Plastic Pressure Pipes |
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Welding criteria for PE systems have been evaluated by analysis of thermal data to try to reduce heating/cooling cycles and thus speed up jointing where butt fusion is used. A new harmonised set of welding conditions have been evolved which should al... |
| 99/WW/08/7 |
Event Logger Evaluation |
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The report provides guidance in the selection, installation and use of event loggers for the assessment of combined sewer overflow performance. The effectiveness of different types of sensor has been tested in the field and the capability and ease of... |
| 09/WM/07/13 |
Exploring the Cost Benefit of Separating Direct Surface Water Inputs from the Combined Sewerage System |
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Urbanisation and climate change are increasing the volume of rainfall discharging to the public combined sewerage system, resulting in increased risk of flooding and pollution with unnecessary pumping and treatment costs.
This project investig... |
| 13/WM/08/49 |
Factors Affecting Background Leakage |
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This UKWIR study draws a clear disctinction between the terms Policy Minimum Leakage (PML) and Background Leakage(BL), which are important in the derivation of sustainable economic levels of leakage. The principal objective has been to derive pr... |
| 09/WM/08/40 |
Factors Affecting the Natural Rate of Rise of Leakage |
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The natural rate of rise (NRR) in leakage relates to the underlying rate at which leakage increases within a system. This report examines the relationship between NRR, calculated using the UKWIR best practice methodology, and a range of ne... |
| 10/WM/04/7 |
Fire Hydrants & Fire Fighting Supplies |
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Issues surrounding fire hydrants and fire fighting systems have been a long-standing concern to water companies, Fire & Rescue Services and the sprinkler industry. This project's objectives were to identify potential improvements to national guidance... |
| 99/WW/08/9 |
Flow Control Devices for CSOs |
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The setting of a CSO structure is a primary design parameter. Ideally the flow control device which is used to restrict the flow to the treatment works should maintain a constant flow to the works irrespective of the depth of flow in the CSO chamber.... |
| 13/CU/04/7 |
Forecasting Future Levels of Water Debt |
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The rising level of debt associated with domestic households in England and Wales is an increasingly serious issue for the water industry. The aim of this project has been to present the evidence on debt, to discuss the factors that are likely to dri... |
| 02/RG/05/2 |
Forecasting Serviceability and Asset Performance Indicators |
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This report describes the results of a contract carried out as part of UKWIR's programme to develop a common technical and economic framework for capital maintenance planning. It is intended for use as a reference document for water industry staff co... |
| 96/WW/03/1 |
Forecasting the Deposition and Biological Effects of Excess Carbon from Sewage Discharges |
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A model (BenOss) has been developed which predicts organic carbon deposition on the seabed and associated changes in soft sediment benthic communities. Modules take into account the hydrodynamic regime of an area, primary production and dispersion, s... |
| 96/DW/05/13 |
Formation and occurrence of Bromophenols, Iodophenols, Bromoanisoles and Iodoanisoles inDrinking Water : An investigation of Taste and Odour Potential |
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Formation and occurrence of Bromophenols, Iodophenols, Bromoanisoles and Iodoanisoles in Drinking Water : An investigation of Taste and Odour Potential... |
| 05/WR/29/1 |
Framework for Developing Water Reuse Criteria with Reference to Drinking Water Supplies |
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Reclaimed water, obtained by the appropriate treatment of wastewater, is a valuable resource that can be deployed by water utilities to augment drinking water supplies through indirect potab... |
| 09/CU/02/5 |
Future Methods of Charging for the Water Industry |
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This study was undertaken in collaboration with representatives from the water companies, DEFRA, Ofwat and CCWater. The methodological approaches and analysis developed for this study were also subject to peer review.
The aim of the study was ... |
| 10/WM/03/21 |
Guidance for the Selection of Water Supply Pipes to be used in Brownfield Sites |
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With an increasing number of brownfield sites being used for development, it is important that appropriate water supply pipes are selected to provide long term protection to both water quality and structural integrity of pipes. The focus of this... |
| 99/DW/02/19 |
Guidelines for Pre and Post Rehabilitation Assessment |
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Water companies undertake pre and post rehabilitation assessment (PPRA) to demonstrate the improvement to water quality following mains rehabilitation. This project was instigated to undertake an assessment of completed PPRA schemes and to develop gu... |
| 08/EQ/02/1 |
Health Impact Assessment of Water Management Options: Generic Guidance Note |
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This work was conducted as part of the 'Water Cycle for New Developments' (WaND) project, funded under the EPSRC 'Sustainable Urban Environment' Programme by the UK government and industrial collaborators.
In some cases. new water t... |
| 97/DW/02/9 |
Health Significance of bacteria in distribution systems - Review of Mycobacterium SPP |
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Reviews the literature on mycobacterium and discusses its detection and its relation to disease. Discusses the occurrence of mycobacterium in natural waters and in mains and domestic waters. There were few reports linking a disease process with mycob... |
| 97/DW/02/6 |
Health Significance of Bacteria in Distribution Systems : Review of Aeromonas |
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Literature review on the aeromonas genus of heterotrophic bacteria. Discusses the types of infection associated with aeromonas in water, food and in the environment. Examines the effect of copper, chlorine, pH and temperature on their variability and... |
| 96/DW/02/4 |
Health Significance of Bacteria in Distribution Systems : Review of Yersinia |
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Reviews the literature on the Yersinia genus of neterotrophic bacteria. Reports their effect on human health. Examines the effect of copper, chlorine, pH and temperature on their variability and virulence. Shows that there is no evidence of human yer... |
| 98/DW/02/13 |
Health Significance of Bacteria in Distribution Systems – Review of Literature for 1995- 1997 |
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Examines new evidence on the health significance of heterotrophic bacteria within distribution system published between 1995 and 1997. Discusses new pathogens, new waterborne diseases and summarises many recent outbreaks of waterborne infection in En... |
| 95/DW/02/1 |
Health Significance of Heterotrophic Bacteria Growing in Water Distribution Systems |
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Reviews the literature on the relationship between water and human disease, identifying heterotrophic bacteria of concern. Discusses known pathogenic mechanisms and their application to heterotrophic bacteria capable of growing in distribution system... |
| 12/WR/33/4 |
Heavily Modified Water Bodies: Guidance Document |
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Framework guidance has been prepared for both water companies and their regulators on identifying and assessing appropriate management actions to mitigate the ecological impacts of reservoirs. Reservoirs are defined under the Water Framework Directiv... |
| 96/WM/01/27 |
Highway Reinstatement - Temporary Hole Covers |
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Surveys the performance of current temporary hole covers for small excavations in footpath and highways giving performance ratings and operational shortcomings. Gives a prototype performance specification and sets out the design. Considers costs and ... |
| 96/WM/01/28 |
Highway Reinstatement : Barrier Systems |
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Details the performance aims and desirable properties, current operational shortcomings and performance ratings of barriers from the results of a questionnaire to fifty two utilities, contractors and suppliers. Discusses and details Chapter 8 of the ... |
| 02/WM/08/27 |
Household Night Consumption |
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The implementation of the approach detailed in this report will provide companies with a robust statistical method for the estimation of household night consumption, which takes account of known property attributes for each area of application.
An... |
| 95/DW/05/5 |
Human Exposure to PAH from Sources other than Drinking Water |
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic compounds which are known to be carcinogenic. This report examines the contributions to total human exposure to PAHs from sources other than drinking water, and compares them with the exposure from ... |
| 01/DW/03/18 |
Hydraulic Characterisation of Deposits and Review of Sediment Modelling |
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Project aim is to identify the hydraulic characteristics of loose iron deposits and assess capabilities of sediment modelling to manage discolouration.
The report is based on a combination of theoretical desk studies and the results of two field tr... |
| 96/SL/03/1 |
Identification of Priority Organic Contaminants in Sewage Sludge Volume 1 containing the main report |
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A review of the occurrence of organic compounds in sewage sludge is presented, with literature compiled on over 300 organic compounds. Likely inputs of organic contaminants to agricultural soils via sewage sludge are determined and results compared a... |
| 02/WW/14/1 |
Identification of the Source of Priority Substances in Sewage Catchments |
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The respective contributions from trade effluents, domestic inputs and other diffuse sources of sixty-nine specified priority substances, eg List I and List II chemicals under the Dangerous Substances Directive, received at and discharged from wastew... |
| 02/WW/25/2 |
Identifying the Sources of Listed Substances in Diffuse Inputs to Sewage Treatment Works |
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This study aimed to establish which listed substances are present in diffuse inputs to sewage treatment works and to evaluate relative contributions. Results indicated that several heavy metals arise predominantly from domestic sewage and for these t... |
| 12/CL/01/16 |
Impact of Climate Change on Asset Management Planning |
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Climate change has the potential to impact asset performance and hence the levels of service provided by the Water Industry. These impacts may significantly affect the capital maintenance or operational expenditure needed to maintain levels of servic... |
| 02/WW/04/3 |
Impact of Extended Storage on Sewage Treatment |
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Increased extended in-sewer storage may have consequential effects on downstream treatment plants. Problems may occur due to septicity, odours, screen blinding, high hydraulic loads, overloaded bioreactors, and increased sludge volumes. Nonetheless, ... |
| 07/WW/18/1 |
Impact of Intermittent Discharges on the Microbiological Quality of Shellfish |
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Laboratory and field investigations examined sewage effluent impact on microbiological shellfish hygiene parameters (faecal indicator organisms). Shellfish types examined were: wild mussels (Mytilus edulis) (all investigations) and Pacific o... |
| 98/DW/02/15 |
Impact of Service pipes on the Bacteriological Quality of Water Supplies |
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Examines variables such as flow rates, materials, nutrients, temperature and residual disinfectant, to build up a picture of how bacteria can grow in service pipes. Shows that a number of factors affect the microbiological quality of water in custom... |
| 10/WM/07/14 |
Impact of Urban Creep on Sewerage Systems |
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Urban Creep is the loss of permeable surfaces within urban areas creating increased runoff which contributes to flooding and other problems.
This was the first large scale study in the UK and high resolution aerial imagery from two periods for... |
| 03/WR/09/5 |
Implications of Changing Groundwater Quality for Water Resources and the UK Water Industry, Phase 2: Trend Detection Methodology and Improved Monitoring and Assessment Programmes: A Practical Guide |
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This report contains a brief practical guide on methods of trend identification and quantification, and on ways in which groundwater quality monitoring by the water industry can be improved. The guide comprises two parts; firstly, an outline, step... |
| 02/WR/09/3 |
Implications of Changing Groundwater Quality for Water Resources and the UK Water Industry Phase I Review and Scoping Study |
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This study reviewed information on raw groundwater monitoring and quality trends from the water industry, the regulatory agencies and the published literature. Findings showed that monitoring practices still vary widely and that nitrate remains the m... |
| 04/WR/09/7 |
Implications of Changing Groundwater Quality for Water Resources and the UK Water Industry- Phase 3: Best Practice Guidelines for Investigating Processes Controlling Groundwater Quality |
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This report sets out best practice guidelines for improved decision-making in investigations of water quality problems. The primary audience is the water industry but it is useful for a wide range of people involved in water supply and water quality... |
| 04/WR/09/8 |
Implications of Changing Groundwater Quality for Water Resources and the UK Water Industry- Phase 3: Financial and Water Resources Impact |
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This national study shows that groundwater quality problems in the UK have cost the water industry ÂŁ754 million (at 2003 prices) since 1975. Costs are based on the need for blending, treatment, and source closures. Currently about 2450 Ml/d, a... |
| 13/DW/02/67 |
Implications of Microbial Colonisation of Water in Buildings |
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The aim of this report is to provide water companies with an informed assessment of the current knowledge and understanding of the origin and behaviour of the organisms of potential health significance in plumbing systems. The review considers each o... |
| 04/WW/20/1 |
Implications of Potential New Measures and Standards Required under the Water Framework Directive for Natura 2000 Sites |
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The study identified and assessed designated habitat sites that were dependent on water and might require more investment and action by the UK water industry. The additional measures identified were extra nutrient removal from discharges, extra BOD/S... |
| 13/RG/05/37 |
Incentives to Optimise Water Networks |
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In 2012, Ofwat published proposals for a network management incentive for companies to reveal network management information to support efficient resource use and development of competition.
A review of this incentive concluded that further in... |
| 11/WM/07/15 |
Industry Recommended Levels of Serviceability for Transferred Pumping Stations |
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Over the next 5 years, the UK Water Industry will be obliged to adopt thousands of privately owned pumping stations. It is important that the industry should adopt a co-ordinated approach so that the Sewerage Undertakers can establish a capital progr... |
| 97/DW/02/11 |
Influence of Phosphate on bacterial Growth in Water Systems |
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Phosphate dosing is increasingly being used as a means of reducing plumbosolvancy in the UK. Reviews the literature of the impact of phosphate dosing, gives a theoretical assessment of whether there is a limiting factor on the growth of microorganism... |
| 98/TX/01/7 |
Inorganic Disinfection By- Products |
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As part of the UKWIR toxicology programme, iodate and perchlorate were identified as having broad similarities to other oxyhalide ions such as bromate, chlorate and chorite. Discusses the formation, occurrence and analysis of iodate and perchlorate i... |
| 07/WM/18/4 |
Integrated Network Management Roadmap |
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Water companies have long recognised that a more integrated approach to the management of distribution system functions could be beneficial but also that in practice it can be diffic... |
| 11/SL/12/2 |
Integrated Waste Management |
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The objectives of this project were: to understand the impact of competition and increased scrutiny/concern on recycling of biosolids to agriculture due to an increase in other organic materials being considered for recycling in this manner; and to i... |
| 08/DW/02/52 |
Integrating DOMS & Drinking Water Safety Plans |
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This project considered the integration of water company Distribution Operation and Maintenance Strategies (DOMS), Drinking Water Safety Plans (DWSPs) and analysis within the context of the Capital Maintenance Planning Common Framework (CMPCF).
... |
| 08/WR/01/9 |
Intelligent Metering Initiative: Methodology for Cost Benefit Analysis of Intelligent Metering |
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The outputs from the four initial projects sponsored by the Intelligent Metering initiative (IMI) are provided in this set of 4 reports. The aim of these projects was to assist the industry in developing metering strategies as they move from the AMP4... |
| 02/WW/08/12 |
Intermittent Discharges - Environmental Review and Treatment Solutions |
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Research was carried out into unconventional treatment options for Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs) to find potential compact, reliable and cost-effective solutions to improve the quality of intermittent discharges. Future standards for discharges may... |
| 00/RG/04/1 |
International Benchmarking of Water Industry Costs and Performance |
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The primary purpose of the project was to recommend a methodology for conducting process benchmarking on a collaborative basis. The methodology was tested and refined by conducting a case study. In addition, a review of benchmarking activity in the w... |
| 08/DW/06/21 |
International Collaborative Cell Culture and UV Studies |
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This report outlines the findings from a collaborative study into 'Cell culture sensitivity and assessment of ultraviolet light inactivation of cryptosporidium under realistic water treatment conditions' initiated by representatives of the Drinking W... |
| 98/DW/02/16 |
Investigating Water Mains Pre and Post Renovation Assessment Data |
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In order to contribute to the understanding and evolution of the PPRA process, this research contract has the following objectives:
Based on PPRA data and other relevant data, derive a suite of criteria, statistical methods and sampling programmes... |
| 08/DW/04/11 |
Investigation into the Emerging Issue of Fluorapatite Formation |
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Fluorapatite is a crystalline compound of calcium phosphate incorporating fluoride ions in its structure. Crystals are hard and highly insoluble within the normal range of potable waters. Formation of the compound is accelerated by an increase i... |
| 01/WW/11/2 |
Investigation of Bathing Waters Classification Approaches |
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Two complementary approaches for classifying bathing water as part of a revised Bathing Water Directive were trialled in 1999 in the UK, France and the Netherlands. The report analysed the findings of the USEPA/ WHO and French Vulnerability Profile a... |
| 10/RG/07/19 |
Investigation of Organic Chemicals in Sludge |
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This study on the occurrence of organic chemicals in sewage sludge was commissioned in response to proposed changes to the Sludge Directive (86/278/EEC) and the potential introduction of limits on organic chemicals in sludge applied to land.
A... |
| 12/SL/01/7 |
Investigation of the Impact of Historic Biosolids Applications on Soil Microbial Activity |
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This project measured soil microbial properties at sites which had a history of operational biosolids additions in comparison with nearby 'control' fields. It found no statistical differences in soil microbial biomass (a measure of the size of the mi... |
| 08/WW/21/11 |
Investigations into Flow Regimes at Sewage Treatment Works (Parts 1 & 2) |
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UKWIR commissioned a three part project, investigating flow regimes in sewerage networks and at sewage treatment works.
Part 1 of the project set out to determine if the measured (Q80) DWF at sewage works can be rel... |
| 08/DW/04/10 |
Investigations into the Occurrence of Water Supply Zones that Demonstrate Resistance to Phosphate Dosing for the Control of Lead in Drinking Water |
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Investigation of 13 UK water suppliers found three companies with a zone or zones that were resistant to phosphate use for plumbosolvency control: despite application of an appropriate dose and good control, lead concentrations had not decreased over... |
| 04/RG/07/5 |
Issues and Practice Concerning Supply Pipes |
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Supply pipes are privately owned and maintained in the UK and yet are the location of a significant proportion of total leakage. This scoping study provides an overview of policies and practice relating to supply pipes. Both water company and custome... |
| 09/CU/01/4 |
Issues Regarding the Potential Adoption of Supply Pipes: Costs, Customer Service and Regulatory Impacts |
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There is potential for the adoption of supply pipes, particularly following adoption of private sewers and lateral drains. Adopted supply pipes may provide a solution for maintenance problems and facilitate an integrated and sustainable approach to n... |
| 09/WM/08/39 |
Large Diameter Trunk Main Failures |
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The failure of large diameter trunk mains, though rare, can be highly disruptive to both Water Company and the general public. Failures can have major consequences in terms of public safety, damage to property and interruptions to supply.
This... |
| 12/DW/04/13 |
Lead Pipe Replacement - AMP6 and Beyond: The Perspectives of Customers and Landlords |
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This qualitative research study explores potential ways of encouraging property owners to replace lead pipes; potential ways forward in terms of partnership working to resolve the issue; and provides insight into water customers' understanding of iss... |
| 12/WM/08/47 |
Leak Detection on Plastic Pipes |
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Conventional leak detection techniques often prove ineffective in locating leaks accurately due to the poor acoustic properties in polyethylene pipe and issues such as highly attenuated leak signals, wave speed estimates, poor signal to noise ratios ... |
| 99/WM/08/21 |
Leakage Estimation from Night Flow Analysis |
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Existing methods for providing leakage estimates for reporting purposes, using data from continuously monitored areas are reviewed.
Analysis concentrated on night use allowances and 15 minutes flow sampling intervals using standard meters and logger... |
| 10/WM/08/43 |
Leakage from PE Pipe Systems |
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Polyethylene is now the preferred material for both new and rehabilitated distribution mains. There has been growing concern, however, surrounding PE pipe joint integrity. This UKWIR project was therefore initiated to quantify the scale of potential ... |
| 08/WM/08/38 |
Leakage in Trunk Mains and Service Reservoirs |
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Distribution leakage has long been a focus for the UK water industry but as this element has been successfully reduced over recent years, other elements such as leakage from trunk mains and service reservoirs are assumed to be increasing their relati... |
| 03/WM/08/29 |
Leakage Index Curve and the Longer-Term Effects of Pressure Management |
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This project considers the various methods available of predicting both the short and long term effects of pressure management. The report concludes that there is little practical difference between the methods for the majority of conditions but some... |
| 03/WM/12/3 |
Locating Underground Plant and Equipment - Overview of Proposals for a Research Programme |
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Following research in the UK and US that indicated shortfalls in performance of current technologies, and the need for improvements, an international workshop attended by a group of experts from the UK, US and the Netherlands, representing utilities,... |
| 03/WM/12/4 |
Locating Underground Plant and Equipment - Proposals for a Research Programme |
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Following research in the UK and US that indicated shortfalls in performance of current technologies, and the need for improvements, an international workshop attended by a group of experts from the UK, US and the Netherlands, representing utilities,... |
| 11/WM/08/44 |
Long Term Leakage Goals |
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Leakage targets in the UK water industry are meant to achieve the leakage level that produces the lowest overall cost for society. However there is inherent uncertainty about what these should be in the medium term (5 years) and even more so in the l... |
| 95/EN/01/2 |
Long Term Monitoring of Detention Tanks |
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This report details progress during the third year of the five year monitoring programme to establish an archive of data on the performance of different detention tanik designs for use in the assessment of design guidance. Further data collection is ... |
| 96/EN/01/8 |
Long Term Monitoring of Detention Tanks - Final Report |
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Detention tanks are used to upgrade sewer systems and offer several benefits. Present design guidance on these tanks is largely based on theoretical work, laboratory modelling and short- term tank monitroing. There is little information regarding the... |
| 07/RG/08/2 |
Long Term/ Least Cost Planning for Wastewater Supply-Demand |
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This report presents an outline wastewater supply-demand planning framework. A standard approach to long term least cost planning is set out, taking account of whole life costs and external impacts. The report presents a range of tools an... |
| 01/WM/06/1 |
Mains Location Equipment A State Of The Art Review and Future Research Needs - Final Report |
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The report examines the equipment currently used for the location of utility buried services and reports upon performance, based upon a limited assesment carried out on two trials sites. The actual performance achieved is compared with the expressed... |
| 00/DW/02/21 |
Mains renovation pre and post renovation assessment improving understanding |
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The study demonstrated that current methodologies are robust and provide reliable performance information. Alternative techniques are proposed; the most promising are continuous monitoring and use of hydraulic models to assist in site selection.
The... |
| 99/DW/04/9 |
Maintaining and Improving Water Quality in Domestic Pipework and Fittings – Review ofDevelopments for Meeting Lead Compliance |
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The statistical method used to interpret utility data is crucial in understanding the degree of compliance with the interim and final lead regulations.
Analysis of data has indicated that control of particulate lead is important in reaching complian... |
| 98/DW/02/14 |
Maintaining Awareness of Animals in Water Distribution Systems |
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Collates the results of a literature survey and responses to questionnaires from the water companies throughout the UK. The survey indicates that improvements in water treatment methods were reducing the number of incidents. Concludes that no compani... |
| 99/DW/01/2 |
Maintaining Awareness of Microbiological Epidemiological Studies on Drinking Water |
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no abstract available... |
| 95/DW/01/1 |
Maintaining Awareness of Microbiological Epidemiological Studies on Drinking Water |
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Reviews the current status of epidemiological studies related to gastrointestinal illness in the community with a potential link to drinking water meeting current standards. Bases on literature search and discussions with experts. Includes a full cri... |
| 13/RG/05/36 |
Making a Case for Capital Maintenance |
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Existing guidance on making a case for capital maintenance exists in Stage C of the Capital Maintenance Planning: A Common Framework (CMPCF), which was first published in 2005, and used by many companies to support their PR04 and PR09 submissions. Gi... |
| 10/WM/08/42 |
Managing Leakage 2011 |
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There are two versions of this report available. This version of the report includes seven reports on Managing Leakage, an executive summary, glossary and list of references.
The full priced version "
|
| 10/WM/08/42 |
Managing Leakage 2011 - References Included |
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There are two versions of this report available. This version of the report includes seven reports on Managing Leakage, an executive summary, glossary and list of references. It also includes electronic versions of over 20 previous UKWI... |
| 03/DW/02/31 |
Managing Microbial and Chemical Risks from Source to Tap: Report and Toolbox |
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The traditional approach to assuring drinking water quality and safety by monitoring final water at the works and at the tap has been the foundation of regulation to date. Such an approach is resource intensive and, for many parameters, the quality o... |
| 07/WM/08/35 |
Managing Seasonal Variations in Leakage |
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This project has improved the understanding of the range of seasonal variations in leakage around the UK and identified some of the underlying factors and the mechanisms. The study concluded that seasonal variations in leakage are common during the w... |
| 04/WM/03/18 |
Managing the Risks Presented by Pipeburst, Redundant and Live Asbestos Cement Pipe Water Distribution Mains: Condition Assessment Methodology for Asbestos Cement Pipes |
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The objective of this study was to develop a methodology for predicting the condition of AC water pipes and identify how GIS could be used to report this information.
Each of the factors affecting condition of pipes are identified and a mo... |
| 04/WM/03/19 |
Managing the Risks Presented by Pipeburst, Redundant and Live Asbestos Cement Pipe Water Distribution Mains: Estimation of the Costs Associated with Different Rehabilitation Techniques |
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The objective of this study was to estimate the relative costs of each rehabilitation option in order that all acceptable options (with respect to risk) can be compared financially.
Standard Ofwat costs (benchmark and mid point) were used ... |
| 04/WM/03/16 |
Managing the Risks Presented by Pipeburst, Redundant and Live Asbestos Cement Pipe Water Distribution Mains: Project Summary Report |
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The objective of this report was to summarise the work carried out in the complete project and update the water industry on legislation. This report provides a useful introduction to the 3 more detailed reports from this project covering:
... |
| 04/WM/03/17 |
Managing the Risks Presented by Pipeburst, Redundant and Live Asbestos Cement Pipe Water Distribution Mains: Risk Assessment of Asbestos Fibre Release During Rehabilitation of Asbestos Cement Water Mains |
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The objective of this study was to derive quantitative values for asbestos fibre concentrations released by a range of rehabilitation options and a range of conditions. These data would be incorporated into the qualitative risk assessment model de... |
| 08/WM/12/21 |
Mapping the underworld: Sensor Technologies - Review and Progress |
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Mapping The Underworld is an EPSRC funded programme consisting of 4 projects and a dissemination network, which was originally initiated by UKWIR under the 'Minimising Streetworks Disruption' programme. One of the projects, running for a year, invest... |
| 09/WW/05/4 |
Maximising the Value of Biogas: Volume 1 - Summary Report |
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Biogas is often used by the UK Water Industry in combined heat nad power plants. However, advances in technologies for biogas production, treatment and use, combined with new financial incentives for different forms of renewable energy, may make... |
| 01/WW/21/1 |
Measurement of Low Flows at Wastewater Treatment Works (WWTW) |
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By 2005 the Environment Agency policy on flow measurement will require the Industry to measure wastewater treatment works flows >= 50 m3/d with an uncertainty of +/- 8%. This project was designed to evaluate a range of technologies under typical ins... |
| 98/TX/01/6 |
Mechanisms of carcinogenicity of trichloroethene (TCE) and tetrachloroethene (PCE)metabolites |
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The report reviews the literature relating to the carcinogenicity of two widely used chlorinated solvents, trichloroethene and tetrachloroethene. The weight of evidence indicates that tri- and tetrachloroethene are not genotoxic carcinogens. The use ... |
| 05/DW/14/1 |
Membrane Treatment - Technical Guidance Document |
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The report provides background information on the various proprietary membrane processes. It also gives case study information and general methodologies for fouling amelioration and integrity testing along with appropriate strategies provided for mem... |
| 97/DW/04/1 |
Metals Arising from Domestic Pipework and Fittings |
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Examines fifteen metal contaminants in drinking water and their likely sources using reported prescribed concentration or values exceedences. Major source of contamination is from materials used in the distribution system with only lead being of sign... |
| 03/WW/04/4 |
Metals Removal and Treatment |
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This study delivers a comprehensive review of the issues facing the Water Industry resulting from tighter regulations on the discharge or disposal of metals.
The main benefits of the study are to provide technical and financial information to avoi... |
| 08/WW/23/5 |
Methodologies for Catchment Based Consents |
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The project investigated how best to identify where, when and how wastewate treatment should be improved; and, how future performance should be monitored. A SIMCAT model was used to examine the potential benefits of catchment based consenting to the ... |
| 00/SL/06/5 |
Methods for the Detection and Enumeration of Pathogens in Biosolids |
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A generic method has been developed for the resuscitation, detection and enumeration of bacterial pathogens. This provides a robust and flexible platform for pathogens in model digester systems, and in field trials. New methods for cryptosporidia and... |
| 98/WW/07/1 |
Microbiological Inputs to the Environment from Sewerage and Sewage Treatment Works |
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The pathogenic organisms found in sewage were reviewed, and those that should be tested include Salmonella, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli O157, Cryptosporidium, Giardia and enteroviruses. A field survey methodology will quantify the microbiological... |
| 97/DW/03/7 |
Migration Studies on Cement and Bitumen Coated Pipes |
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Extracts of cement and bitumen coated pipes were tested for total organic carbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aluminium and pH. A general gas chromatography mass spectrometry scan was performed. The results are discussed in the context of such ... |
| 04/WM/12/6 |
Minimising Street Works Disruption Stakeholders Forum 21 June 2004 |
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There is no abstract for this report.... |
| 10/WM/12/28 |
Minimising Street Works Disruption: An Overview of the VISTA Project |
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VISTA is a four year joint project with a consortium of partners. UKWIR is the lead co-ordinating partner with Leeds and Nottingham Universities providing the reserach input. In addition there are over 20 utility and other sector partners. The object... |
| 06/WM/12/9 |
Minimising Street Works Disruption: Buried Asset Data Collection and Exchange Field Trials |
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The Minimising Street Works Disruption programme identified 15 projects under four overall headings, the first of which looked at how work could be improved just by making better use of current technology. Within this group of projects, one projec... |
| 08/WM/12/22 |
Minimising Street Works Disruption: Data Integration and Display - Mapping the Underworld Seminar April 17th 2007 |
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Mapping The Underworld is an EPSRC funded programme consisting of 4 projects and a dissemination network, which was originally initiated by UKWIR under the 'Minimising Street Works Disruption' programme. The dissemination network was set up with the ... |
| 07/WM/12/16 |
Minimising Street Works Disruption: GPR In Sewers |
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Within the 'Minimising Street Works Disruption' programme one project, (C2) identified that a possible way to capture buried asset information was utilise GPR within buried conduits such a sewers. A project was therefore initiated to trial the use of... |
| 08/WM/12/20 |
Minimising Street Works Disruption: Mapping Technologies for Buried Asset Location - Mapping the Underworld Seminar September 14th 2006 |
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Mapping The Underworld is an EPSRC funded programme consisting of 4 projects and a dissemination network, which was originally initiated by UKWIR under the 'Minimising Streetworks Disruption' programme. The dissemination network was set up with the i... |
| 06/WM/12/10 |
Minimising Street Works Disruption: Progress 2002 - 2006 |
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The Minimising Street Works Disruption programme, consisting of 15 projects valued at ÂŁ10 million, was developed following a 2 day seminar attended by representatives from a wide variety of utilities from the UK, US and Netherlands. Since that time,... |
| 07/WM/12/15 |
Minimising Street Works Disruption: Sensors for Buried Asset Location - Mapping the Underworld Seminar, April 26th 2006 |
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Mapping The Underworld is an EPSRC funded programme consisting of 4 projects and a dissemination network, which was orig... |
| 05/WM/12/8 |
Minimising Street Works Disruption: The Real Costs of Street Works to the Utility Industry and Society |
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The Minimising Street Works Disruption programme identified 15 projects under four overall headings, the first of which looked at how work could be improved just by making better use of current technology. Within this group of projects, one projec... |
| 11/RG/04/4 |
Modelling Sludge Opex Efficiency |
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The main objectives of this project were to: understand the data and methodological issues that appear to have restricted previous attempts to model sludge operating costs, and; develop a robust approach to explain the variation in sludge operating c... |
| 01/CL/06/2 |
Modelling the Effects of Climate Change on Water Quality in Rivers and Reservoirs |
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Models of 5 rivers and 1 reservoir were used to determine whether they are capable of assessing changes in water quality under likely climate change scenarios.
All of the models used suggest that no significant effects on water quality would result.... |
| 95/DW/05/7 |
Modelling the Formation of Disinfection By- products: A Feasibility Study |
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This report studies the feasibility of producing a model to describe the formation of disinfection by- products (DBPs) during water treatment and disinfection. It provides an understanding of the applicability of existing models and the likely effort... |
| 00/DW/06/12 |
Monitoring Tools for the Operational Detection of the Rapid Influence of Surface Recharge on theQuality of Groundwater |
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This review evaluates the usefulness of existing monitoring tools in fast flow assessments in UK aquifers, identifies other potentially applicable parameters and key areas for research. Analysis of water utility monitoring data suggests that no singl... |
| 02/WM/12/2 |
Multi-Utility Buried Pipes and Appurtenances Location Workshop, London, 29-31 May 2002 |
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This report describes a workshop, sponsored jointly by UKWIR and AwwaRF, held on 29th to 31st May 2002, that addressed the issues surrounding the location of multi-utility buried pipes and appurtenances. The workshop culminated in a set of sixteen d... |
| 06/WW/08/14 |
National CSO Test Facility Wigan WWTW: CSO Screen Efficiency 1997 - 2005 |
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The report describes a comparative performance analysis of over 30 proprietary CSO / Overflow Screens tested in either a side weir CSO chamber, an extended stilling pond chamber or as stand-alone devices at the National CSO Test Facility, Wigan Wa... |
| 11/WW/06/7 |
National Screen Evaluation Facility, Inlet Screen Evaluation Comparative Report (1999-2011) |
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The report details the results of process performance tests performed on forty five inlet screens (ten Bandscreens, eight Finescreens, eighteen Combined Screens, six Slotscreens and three Stepscreens) at the National Screens Evaluation Facility, Ches... |
| 08/RG/05/26 |
National Sewers and Water Mains Failure Database |
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This report describes the development of a common infrastructure to support a National Sewers Failure Database and a National Water Mains Failure Database accessible to UKWIR members via a dedicated website. The water mains failure database described... |
| 07/WM/12/19 |
National Underground Assets Group: A National Approach for Capturing, Recording, Storing and Sharing Underground Asset Information |
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This report sets out a new common approach to capturing, recording, storing and sharing underground asset information that offers significant benefits to all stakeholders. It has been produced by the National Underground Assets Group (NUAG), an org... |
| 06/WM/12/13 |
National Underground Assets Group: Capturing, Recording, Storing and Sharing Underground Asset Information - A Review of Current Practice and Future Requirements |
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The National Underground Assets Group is sponsoring the National Referencing Standards Project, Phase 1 of which aims to develop methodologies, standards and best practices that address the short-term standardisation needs to 2008, for capturing, rec... |
| 08/WM/12/23 |
National Underground Assets Group: Defining the Technological Capability Necessary for Sharing and Displaying Asset Information - User Requirements |
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This report sets out the validated User Requirements for Sharing and Displaying Asset Information through a web-based service as part of the proposed NUAG Approach. It has been produced by the National Underground Assets Group (NUAG), an organisation... |
| 03/RG/05/7 |
Nationally Agreed Failure Data and Analysis Methodology for Water Mains : Volume I - Overview and Findings |
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This two part report provides an account of the development of a national failure database for water mains which includes a suggested common protocol for data collection. The first part of the report sets out the principles on which the protocol was ... |
| 05/WM/08/33 |
Natural Rate of Rise in Leakage |
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The natural rate of rise in leakage relates to the underlying rate at which leakage increases within a system. NRR is essential for determining the intensity of active leakage control that is required to maintain leakage at a specific level, and the ... |
| 98/WM/01/39 |
Non- destructive in- situ Measurement of the Thickness & Density of Reinstatements – Final Report |
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A review was made of NDT methods for the measurement of the thickness and density of reinstatement materials. Ground Penetrating Radar and Nuclear Density Gauges were considered to have considerable potential but are currently expensive and require f... |
| 01/WW/13/3 |
Odour Control in Wastewater Treatment - A Technical Reference Document |
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Malodours arising from sewage treatment and sludge handling activities can provoke customer complaints and lead to adverse media attention. In extreme cases they can affect the quality of life of those people who work or live close to the source.
T... |
| 04/WW/13/6 |
Odour Standards for the Wastewater Industry |
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The scientific literature and documented case studies relating to odour nuisance from wastewater treatment processes have been reviewed, with a view to establishing a sound basis upon which a workable odour standard could be promulgated by the UK wat... |
| 01/TX/04/4 |
Oestrogen Steroid Conjugates Stability in Waste Water Streams |
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A laboratory simulation of the stability of steroid conjugates in sewage on passage through a sewer and primary settlement within a sewage treatment plant, using radiolabelled (3H) materials at environmentally realistic concentrations (100 ng l-1). ... |
| 98/TX/01/4 |
Oestrogenic Chemicals and Their Behaviour During Sewage Treatment |
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This report reviews the occurrence, degradation and fate of key oestrogenic chemicals during sewage treatment and disposal to agricultural land. This includes an assessment of their partitioning between sewage effluents and sludge and their ultimate ... |
| 00/PC/03/1 |
On- line Instrumentation Standards and Practices |
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This report deals with the management and exploitation of on- line measurement in the UK water industry. The results from a survey of the perceptions of managers and practitioners are presented along with other industry data. Recommendations are made... |
| 08/RG/07/14 |
Operating Cost Implications of Capital Investment |
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Operating costs are one of the potentailly significant cost categories that need to be taken into consideration when estimating the whole life cost (WLC) of investments. Robust estimates are required in order to identify least cost long-term opt... |
| 00/DW/03/12 |
Oprational and Mainenance Strategies for Maintaining Water Quality in Distribution Systems |
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Various operational and maintenance strategies (and the activities that comprise the strategy) are adopted by water suppliers in order to maintain water quality at acceptable levels. Conversely, acitivities applied to a network for reasons other tha... |
| 12/CU/01/6 |
Options for Refocusing SIM Towards a Measure Based Only on Consumer Satisfaction and Perception |
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The objectives for this research project were to: analyse the strengths and weaknesses of the current Service Incentive Mechanism (SIM); identify, evaluate and compare other qualitative and quantitative options; and recommend a preferred option and c... |
| 02/SL/04/2 |
Organic Contaminants in Sewage Sludge Applied to Agricultural Land |
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Sewage sludges contain organic chemical contaminants from a variety of sources and at low concentrations. The European Union has proposed that limit values, relating to the application of sewage sludge to agricultural land, are established for some s... |
| 95/WR/01/3 |
Outage Allowances For Water Resource Planning |
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A methodology, acceptable to regulators, allowing UK water suppliers to make appropriate and justifiable allowances (at peak and average DG1 calculations) for the planned and unplanned (pollution incidents, power failures etc) loss of water resources... |
| 07/WM/12/18 |
Outcomes of the ORFEUS Questionnaire |
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The European Commission has recognised the potential for plant location technology to safeguard the environment and, under the Sixth Framework Programme (Global Change and Ecosystems), is supporting the ORFEUS project (Optimising Radar to Find Every ... |
| 95/WM/01/12 |
Overbanding Materials for Trench Reinstatements |
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Overbanding, whilst not a statutory maintenance treatment is important for two reasons: (a) to seal the material near the edge where it is difficult to achieve compaction; and (b) to prevent joint edge deterioration of new and existing materials. Thi... |
| 96/WM/01/23 |
Overbanding Materials for Trench Reinstatements : Results after 12 months |
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Gives results of twelve months monitoring at two sites using overbanding, a treatment for sealing joints around trench reinstatements and for sealing cracks. Considers the measurement of skid resistance value, texture permeability and the profile tog... |
| 97/WM/01/33 |
Overbanding Materials for Trench Reinstatements: Results after 30 months |
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Analyses the results of thirty months of monitoring at two sites using overbanding, a treatment for sealing joints around trench reinstatements and for sealing cracks. Monitoring includes the measurement of skid resistance value, texture permeability... |
| 97/DW/06/4 |
Particle Counting and Bacterial Spore Analysis for Water Treatment Works Monitoring |
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The report describes the results of monitoring at five water treatment works using bacterial spores and particle counting, to assess their potential as indicators of the risk of Cryptosporidium oocyst breakthrough. Three alternative makes of particle... |
| 03/SL/06/7 |
Pathogens in Biosolids - Microbiological Risk Assessment |
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Biosolids represent the solid fraction of sewage and potentially contain a number of human and animal pathogens. This report describes a microbiological risk assessment to quantify the risks to humans from consumption of root crops grown on land to w... |
| 02/SL/06/6 |
Pathogens in Biosolids - The Fate of Pathogens in Sewage Treatment |
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This study has evaluated the survival of a number of enteric pathogens added to thickened sewage sludge which was subjected to treatment by a range of processes operated under Code of Practice* conditions. These processes were: mesophilic anaerobic ... |
| 99/WM/02/9 |
PE Pipes for Contaminated Land |
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The permeation resistance of the new “twin walled” PE/ Aluminium or PE/ polyamide pipes and the effect of organics on various rubbers have been investigated.
A polyamide outer layer extruded over standard PE pipe can reduce permeation of solvents bu... |
| 06/WR/01/7 |
Peak Water Demand Forecasting Methodology |
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This report presents a framework methodology for peak water demand forecasting which aims to improve consistency and to strengthen the link between demand forecasts and levels of service. The report sets out guidance to practitioners, including... |
| 97/SL/04/1 |
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) and chloranil as sources of PCDD/ Fs to sewage sludge and sludge amended agricultural soils |
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The contribution of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and chloranil- based dyes and pigments to the dioxin (PCDD/ F) content of sewage sludges and the potential for PCDD/ Fs derived from these sources to persist in sludge amended soils and to trtansfer through... |
| 05/WW/03/6 |
Performance and Whole Life Costs of Best Management Practices and Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems |
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This report documents the performance and whole life costs of stormwater practices in the U.S. (Best Management Practices) and UK (Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems) aimed at reducing the impact of urbanisation.
The BMPs/SUDS selected fo... |
| 99/WM/02/13 |
Performance of Access Chambers |
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Plastic materials are increasingly being offered as alternative materials to concrete for manufacturing chamber units for the installation of valves and hydrants. The units vary in size and construction but ultimately their virtue lies in their light... |
| 97/WM/01/30 |
Performance of Cold- Lay Surfacing Materials |
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Builds on earlier UKWIR work (97/WM/01/17) in assessing the quality and suitability of cold-lay surfacing materials. Gives results of tests on four material types for material strength, permanent deformation and void content. Compares the results wi... |
| 96/WM/01/17 |
Performance of Cold- Lay Surfacing Materials |
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Reports on seven sites using cold- lay surfacing materials and also on twenty four panels on a test trrack, using four basic types of basecourse and wearing course materials. Gives information compliance with specifications to BS 4987. Gives elastic ... |
| 98/WM/01/41 |
Performance of Edge Cutting and Sealing Methods |
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A review was made of the edge cutting and sealing methods currently in use for the reinstatement of vertical edges of highway openings. The Norton Clipper wet floor saw and the Stihl hand-held saw were shown to be more effective than the other cutti... |
| 99/WM/02/10 |
Performance of Electrofusion Joints for PE Pipes |
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The large number of service failures of electrofusion joints remains of prime concern to UK water industry. This investigation combines the findings of two year's work looking at the effects of site conditions, joint preparation and fitting type on j... |
| 99/WM/02/7 |
Performance of Fast Butt Fusion Jointing |
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A high productivity butt fusion welding process has been developed by Fusion Group. The process was evaluated on PE80 and PE100 pipe materials in sizes up to 400mm and compared against butt fusion joints prepared under conventional Water Industry con... |
| 96/WM/01/19 |
Performance of Foamed Concrete |
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Forty five trench reinstatement sites were identified where foamed concrete had been used as sub- base, roadbase or a combination in the reinstatement.
Describes the data collection exercise from utilities and highway authorities. No current problem... |
| 07/WW/22/5 |
Performance of Storm Tanks and Potential for Improvements in Overall Storm Management - Phase 2 |
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Storm tanks have been an integral part of the sewage treatment process since the early 20th century, but to date however, their performance is poorly understood. The introduction of the Water Framework Directive may see the need for water compa... |
| 12/WW/20/5 |
Phosphorus Contributions from WwTW Discharges to Watercourses and their Long Term Impacts Relative to Other Sources |
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The Water Industry is a major contributor to phosphorus discharges to the environment. By 2015 there will be over 650 wastewater treatment works (WwTW) in the UK with phosphorus consent levels driven by a number of EU Directives, including the Water ... |
| 10/SL/02/9 |
Phosphorus Lifecycle Management |
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Phosphorus is a major reason why UK rivers are not achieving good status under the Water Framework Directive. However, before potentially expensive measures are implemented, the impact of phosphorus on the ecology must be understood. The first phase ... |
| 96/DW/07/1 |
Pilot Scale GAC Tests to Evaluate Toxin Removal |
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Blooms of blue- green algae on reservoirs can give rise to the production of toxins that may contaminate freshwaters. There is a potential risk of the toxins entering drinking water supplies and posing a health risk to consumers. There is, therefore,... |
| 96/WM/04/1 |
Pipe Isolation Techniques : Cost Benefit Assessment of Available Methods |
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Isolation of pipelines can reduce cost and customer disruption compared to conventional valve closures. Using a theoretical cost model, estimates the costs of isolation systems, such as pipe freezing, pipe squeezing and line stopping. Compares costs ... |
| 96/WM/02/2 |
Pipeline Innovation - Final Report - 1995/ 96 |
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Summarises the 1995/ 96 developments in pipeline innovation. Includes identification of the main causes of plastic pipe failures from a new national database. Reports research progress on design against surge and fatique, interaction of pipe and back... |
| 12/WR/26/14 |
Planning for Potential Changes in Land Management Practices and Policies |
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This report provides a body of evidence to support planning for future change at a national scale. At a catchment scale, activity and impact will be influenced both by national trends, and by the local conditions, market forces and relevant policy, a... |
| 97/WM/02/3 |
Plastics Pipeline Systems - Pipeline Innovation |
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The programme in 1996/1997 has address a wide range of issues relating to the design and specification of new plastics pipes and fittings which now form the basis of new distribution mains and rehabilitation techniques. By virtue of new work, the hig... |
| 97/WM/02/4 |
Plastics Pipeline Systems Analysis of System Failures |
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Objectives
· To evaluate plastics pipelines materials and systems to ensure long term durability
and minimise whole life costs;
· To identify patterns of failure in pipeline systems;
· To maximise the acquisition of meaningful failure ... |
| 97/WM/02/5 |
Plastics Pipeline Systems Evaluation of Long- term Performance – The Behavious of Buried Pipes |
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Details the loads, temperatures and effects of the soil on two sections of 250mm continuously monitored PVCu pipe and assesses the changes in performance of an exhumed MDPE pipe. Indicates that design criteria are conservative and recommends that the... |
| 03/SL/04/3 |
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sewage Sludge Amended Soil-Crop Systems |
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Sewage sludges can contain organic chemicals from a variety of sources at low concentrations. A previous report ( 02/SL/04/2 ) concluded that polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) do not accumulate in the terrestrial foodchain and that a proposed ... |
| 97/DW/02/7 |
Practicalities of Determining if there is a Level of Gastrointestinal Illness in the Community related to Potable Water |
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A feasibility study to test statistical relationships between differences in rates of reported gastrointestinal illness between water supply zones. Using water company water quality data and public health illness data the study concludes that whilst ... |
| 98/TX/01/2 |
Precursors of Halophenols and Related Substances and Fate in Distribution |
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Identifies possible precursors, sources and stability of halophenols and haloanisoles in water. Provides a list of situations that could lead to odour and flavour complaints. Reviews the literature and models the effects of chlorine treatment on thes... |
| 97/DW/02/3 |
Predictive Statistical Analysis of Coliform Occurrences |
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Bacterial coliforms are indicators of microbiological water quality. 99.5% of samples met with the microbiological standard in 1994, but intermittent occurrences of coliforms are still of concern to water supply companies. The objective of this proje... |
| 03/WW/11/8 |
Preparation for a New Bathing Water Directive |
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The European Commission has proposed a new Bathing Waters Directive which, when adopted, will have significant impacts on the UK water industry. These impacts have been assessed and a methodology for assessing individual costs developed. The major im... |
| 06/WW/11/10 |
Preparation for a New Bathing Water Directive: Costing the Second Reading Amendments of the Proposed Revisions to the Bathing Water Directive |
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A study into the potential costs of the new Bathing Waters Directive was undertaken in 2003. Following progress with the new Directive, standards have been clarified, and as such a further study was required to understand the cost implications of the... |
| 97/DW/02/10 |
Prevalence Study of Specific Bacterial Infections - Geographical Distribution of Aeromonas and Yersinia in the United Kingdom |
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The Public Health Laboratory Service communicable disease database was used to identify 2,718 cases of gastro-enteritis where aeromonas were considered and 2,006 cases where yersinia were present between 1990 and 1994. Regional tables of incidents ar... |
| 04/DW/03/21 |
Preventing Discolouration |
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This report gives guidance on identifying and mitigating discolouration risks. In particular it:
Explains the mechanisms by which discolouration occurs and identifies the factors which influence the risk of discolouration
Reviews 170 previous di... |
| 00/DW/01/4 |
Prevention and Control of Water Related Disease in Europe - an Economic Assessment |
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The costs and benefits of the prevention of water related disease in the WHO pan- European region is examined, focusing on narrowing the gap between the Eastern and Western regions. It is estimated that 30 million water related disease incidents annu... |
| 04/WW/17/2 |
Priority Hazardous Substances, Trace Organics and Diffuse Pollution (Water Framework Directive): Screening Study and Literature Review of Quantities in Sewage, Sludge and Effluent |
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This report has been produced as part of a research programme to improve the water industry’s understanding of the presence of priority substances in sewage. Priority substances were analysed in samples taken from 30 wastewater treatment works across... |
| 04/WW/17/4 |
Priority Hazardous Substances, Trace Organics and Diffuse Pollution (Water Framework Directive): Surface Water Drains and Intermittent Discharges from Sewer Networks |
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This report has been produced as part of a research programme to improve the water industry’s understanding of the presence of priority substances in sewage. Discharges of priority substances from surface water drains, domestic septic tanks and stor... |
| 04/WW/17/3 |
Priority Hazardous Substances, Trace Organics and Diffuse Pollution (Water Framework Directive): Urban Catchment Study and Assessment of Diffuse Inputs |
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This report has been produced as part of a research programme to improve the water industry's understanding of the presence of priority substances in sewage. Foul water and runoff samples were taken from locations in housing estates, the town centre ... |
| 04/WW/17/5 |
Priority Hazardous Substances, Trace Organics and Diffuse Pollution (Water Framework Directive):Treatment Options and Potential Costs |
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This is the final report of the WW17C research programme which aimed to improve the water industry's understanding of Water Framework Directive priority substances in sewage. The results of sampling studies from earlier stages of the programme are su... |
| 96/WM/01/18 |
Properties of Foamed lean Concrete |
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Literature review of foamed concrete containing mixed aggregate. Gives the results of laboratory investigations on two trial mixes with four different densities. Analyses compressive strength/ density, development of compressive strength and, finally... |
| 97/WM/07/1 |
Pumped detention storage tanks |
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The number of pumped detention storage tanks built has rapidly increased in the last five years and the operational practices of the Water Companies varies widely. There is a wide range of design criteria and maintenance practice used for off-line... |
| 01/TX/04/3 |
QSAR Studies on Fate and Behaviour of Steroid Endocrines in Sewage Treatment |
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Literature data and quantitative structure activity relationships (QSARs) were used in TOXCHEM modelling to predict the behaviour of steroid endocrine disrupters in typical U.K. sewage treatment works.
Models for two typical UK sewage treatment pla... |
| 98/RG/01/1 |
Quantification of Serviceability |
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The water industry is concerned that Ofwat?s 'serviceability' approach to setting price levels at the 1999 Periodic Review will result in capital maintenance funding being linked to inappropriate serviceability measures and will perpetuate historic e... |
| 03/WR/25/1 |
Quantification of the Savings, Costs and Benefits of Water Efficiency |
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This report aims to define best practice in water efficiency research. The objective of this report is to provide water industry practitioners with robust guidance in planning and implementing water efficiency research. Guidance on project and risk m... |
| 96/WR/05/4 |
Quantifying Benefits of Peak Demand Management Measures |
info |
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Collates the results of three investigations into the very high average and peak demand encountered during the hog dry summer of 1995. Gives conclusions and recommendations on system design, the effect of metering and the relationship with leakage co... |
| 06/CU/04/4 |
Quantifying Different Types of Water Industry Debt |
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Despite the recent focus on debt and good practice in the area of debt management by water companies, debt within the sector is high and predicted by many to increase further in the next five years as prices increase. This research builds on the prev... |
| 12/WR/26/10 |
Quantifying the Benefits of Water Quality Catchment Management Initiatives: Volume 1 - A Benefit Assessment Framework |
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This report presents a framework and supporting toolkit for assessing the benefits of catchment management schemes. Specifically it develops an approach for quantifying the benefits; provides structured, step-by-step guidance on undertaking a benefit... |
| 97/WM/01/29 |
Re- use of Excavated Material |
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Builds on earlier UKWIR work (96/ WM/ 01/ 20) in developing a cost benefit analysis for comparing the processing of excavated material both on- site and at depots. Uses data from a water industry questionnaire. Gives the details of equipment availabl... |
| 96/wm/01/20 |
Re-use of Excavated Material |
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Examines the processing methods at reinstatement sites for excavated material. Cohesive, granule and cohesive/granule materials were prepared with a range of moisture content, varying the quantity of added quicklime. These were tested using two t... |
| 95/WM/01/9 |
Re-use of Excavated Material in Trench Reinstatements in the Highway |
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The policy and practice of material re-use for highway reinstatement are investigated. Although, in some cases, cost savings can be obtained through greater material re-use this needs to be considered against possible premature failure. A... |
| 08/DW/02/51 |
Real Time On-line Monitoring of Contaminants in Water - Developing a Research Strategy from Utility Experiences and Needs |
info |
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'Real Time On-line monitoring of Contaminants in Water' is a collaborative project between UKWIR, Awwa Research Foundation (AwwaRF) and Kiwa Water Research. The report describes current and emerging sensor technologies for real-time and on-line monit... |
| 03/DW/06/16 |
Reassessing Cryptosporidium Risk: Treatment Security, Regulatory Monitoring and Epidemiology |
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Companies can re-assess sites designated as "at significant risk" to have them removed from the Regulatory monitoring category. The report reviews the Regulatory monitoring data for Cryptosporidium, examines approaches some companies have taken to re... |
| 99/SL/09/1 |
Recycling of Water Treatment Works Sludge |
info |
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The project assessed the suitability for recycling of water treatment works (WTW) sludges currently produced and recommends actions and changes needed to optimise and secure recycling opportunities.
The study comprised the following major elements:
... |
| 10/CU/02/7 |
Reduced Flow Devices - Impact and Use in the Household Sector |
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Household water debt has risen by over 50% in the last five years adding around £12 to the annual bills of paying customers. This is partly due to a hard core of debtors who continue to evade payment, despite best efforts to recover money from ... |
| 10/RG/07/17 |
Regulatory Incentives and Information Requirements |
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Water regulation faces significant external factors which may mean that the existing regime is no longer fit for purpose. Climate change, changes to industry structure and demographic change are all factors that could lead to a need for either increm... |
| 01/WM/02/18 |
Rehabilitation Strategy |
info |
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Since 1989, Water Mains Rehabilitation Strategy in the UK has been predominantly focussed on meeting regulatory targets in the area of water quality. Renovation technique selection has been driven mainly by price and politics rather than robust engi... |
| 97/WM/01/35 |
Reinstatement of Road Markings |
info |
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Examines road-marking products, their cost and whether they meet the current performance specifications on erosion, spread, skid resistance value, luminance factor and retro-reflectivity.
Assesses how they perform at the end of the two or three yea... |
| 96/WM/01/24 |
Reinstatement of Road Markings |
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Assesses alternative products as to whether they meet current performance specifications and are likely to perform satisfacorily at the end of the guarantee period. Reviews UK practice associated with the small scale application of permanent road mar... |
| 02/WW/11/5 |
Relationships between Enterovirus, Salmonella and Bacterial Indicator Organisms in Bathing Waters |
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Monitoring data collected for various purposes from 1986 to 1999, from 6 different sources and 22 bathing waters, were analysed to assess the relationships between enteroviruses and salmonella, and indicator bacteria (total coliforms, faecal coliform... |
| 95/DW/06/1 |
Removal of Cryptosporidium during Water Treatment |
info |
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This report describes in detail the work undertaken to identify Cryptosporidium risks associated with water treatment plant operation, and ways of overcoming these risks. Particular areas for investigation are: -
+ Aspects of rapid gravity filter op... |
| 10/DW/02/59 |
Removal of Micro-organisms During Water Treatment |
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Water companies are being encouraged to take an integrated approach to assessing and managing risks through the entire supply chain from catchment to tap. In this study, data have been extracted from the recent literature and used to derive indicativ... |
| 98/TX/01/5 |
Removal of Nonylphenol Ethoxylates by Water Treatment Processes |
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Examines the effect, under laboratory conditions, of aeration, chlorination, ozonisation, coagulation and powdered activated carbon on nonylphenol ethoxylates, a class of compounds, that may have oestrogenic properties. The report makes several preli... |
| 02/WM/12/1 |
Report on Asset Location and Condition Assessment |
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This report reviews the techniques that are currently available for underground asset location and for the condition assessment of the buried infrastructure. It has been produced following significant revision and expansion of a review ... |
| 11/RG/10/5 |
Research and Innovation in the UK Water Industry |
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This project was commissioned following the reports of external reviews concluding that the UK's water industry should innovate more. Innovation is seen as an economic good and the source of productivity growth, bringing benefits to customers and the... |
| 11/RG/10/6 |
Research and Innovation Mapping Study for the UK Water Research and Innovation Framework |
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This report was commissioned as part of work towards a UK Water Research & Innovation Framework (UKWRIF) in collaboration with UKCDS and LWEC. It comprises a high level overview and synthesis of recommendations from key policy and research reports re... |
| 98/TX/01/3 |
Research Update on Oestrogenic Substances in the Environment |
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Updates UKWIR 1994 report, Implications of Oestreogenic Substances in the Environment, that examined the hypothesised relationship between oestrogenic substance in the environment and reproductive disorders. Discusses 17b- oestradiol, ethinyl oestrad... |
| 05/WR/26/1 |
Reservoir Catchment and Impoundment Management |
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This scoping study is a survey of literature and industry views on the nature and scale of the issues associated with land use that impact on reservoir management for storing untreated water and on water treatment for potable supply. It identif... |
| 13/RG/06/2 |
Resilience Planning: Good Practice Guide - Summary Report |
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Resilience in the water industry can be defined as the ability of an asset or asset system to continue to withstand or to recover from the effects of an exceptional event such that acceptable service levels are maintained and/or restored quickly.
|
| 13/RG/06/3 |
Resilience: Making a Business Case for PR14 |
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Resilience in the water industry can be defined as the ability of an asset or asset system to continue to withstand or to recover from the effects of an exceptional event such that acceptable service levels are maintained and/or restored quickly. Thi... |
| 98/SL/06/2 |
Review and Status of Current Methods for the Detectionof Verocytotoxic Escherichia Coli,Salmonella Enteritidis PT4, Salmonella Typhimurium DT104, Shigella sonnei and Campylobacter Jejuni in treated and Untreated Biological Effluents |
info |
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No abstract is associated with this report.... |
| 10/RG/07/18 |
Review of Cost-Benefit Analysis and Benefit Valuation |
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This report makes recommendations on the future application of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and benefits valuation for water companies and their regualtors. The report documents an independent review by a multi-disciplinary team of experienced consult... |
| 11/DW/02/64 |
Review of Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment Applied to Drinking Water |
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Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) has emerged as a tool for deriving estimates of the risk of exposure to pathogenic organisms through specific routes of transmission, that would otherwise be difficult to determine epidemiologically. It i... |
| 00/CL/06/1 |
Review of River and Reservoir Water Quality Models for Predicting Effects of Climate Change |
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A review was carried out of existing calibrated water quality models of rivers and reservoirs. A number of river models were identified as suitable candidates to predict the impact of climate change on water quality. these included Thames, Trend, Air... |
| 06/RG/01/2 |
Review of Serviceability Indicators |
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This project reviewed the use of various customer service, environmental performance, public health compliance and asset performance measures, collectively referred to as serviceability indicators. The report brings clarity to the serviceability asse... |
| 07/RG/04/2 |
Review of the Approach to Efficiency Assessment in the Regulation of the UK Water Industry |
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Could Ofwat conduct price control reviews without relying on econometric modelling and imposing the data collection burden that this entails? Could Ofwat find more robust and transparent ways of analysing and combining evidence about companies' fu... |
| 03/WW/11/6 |
Review of the Fate of Enteroviruses and Indicator Organisms across Wastewater Treatment Processes |
info |
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Several wastewater treatment works were monitored to assess their performance in removing enteroviruses, coliforms, faecal streptococci and F+ coliphage across primary and secondary treatment processes. The processes selected were: activated sludge,... |
| 03/WW/11/7 |
Review of the Fate of Enteroviruses and Indicator Organisms in the Environment |
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The study reviewed methods for evaluating decay rates (T90s) for enteroviruses and the faecal indicator organisms and developed an experimental design to quantify T90s in the marine and freshwater environment.
Numerous studies have been carried ou... |
| 96/DW/03/4 |
Review of the Identification Systems for Heterotrophic Bacteria Isolated from Water Distribution Systems |
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Reviews the literature of commercial available techniques for isolating and identifying bacteria from water distribution systems. Evaluates three methods: API, Biolog and Cherlock MIDI using thirty eight water hetrotrophs isolated from borehole, upla... |
| 95/DW/05/2 |
Review of the Mechanisms of Toxicity and Current Legislation of Chlorate and Chlorite |
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Work was undertaken to update the water industry on any developments concerning the regulation of disinfection by- products chlorite and chlorate. The report outlines the mechanisms of toxicity of chlorine dioxide, chlorate and chlorite, identifies g... |
| 04/DW/02/32 |
Review of the Microbial Implications of Climate Change for the Water Industry |
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This report assesses how the current predictions for climate change could impact on the microbiological quality of drinking water.
On current evidence, changes in the worldwide geographical distribution of pathogens caused by climate change, incl... |
| 00/DW/06/13 |
Review of the Use of Tracers to Investigate Pathogen Transport and Attenuation in Groundwater |
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The wide range of tracers and test methods available are extremely useful tools for investigating hydrogeological problems although they have not been widely employed in pathogen transport investigations. Tracers may be particularly valuable for prov... |
| 03/WW/04/5 |
Review of Wastewater Disinfection Treatment Strategies - Final Report |
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A review was undertaken to identify recent UK and international developments in wastewater disinfection technologies for both continuous and intermittent discharges. Existing technologies include UV irradiation, submerged membrane bioreactors (MBR),... |
| 07/RG/05/21 |
Review of Water Mains Serviceability Indicators and Condition Grading: Volume I -Â Serviceability Indicators |
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This report presents the results of a review of potential new serviceability measures for focussing of investment in water distribution assets. The work carried out involved a review of current practice by water companies and other UK utility indu... |
| 08/RG/05/22 |
Review of Water Mains Serviceability Indicators and Condition Grading: Volume II - Mains Condition Grading |
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This report presents the results of a review of existing and potential approaches to condition grading of water mains. The work carried out involved a review of current practice by Water Companies and other utility industries, consultation with ... |
| 07/WW/17/9 |
Ribble SIMCAT Pilot Study - Assessment of Relative Contributions and the Impact of Control Measures on Water Quality |
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The Water Industry identified an urgent need to quantify the water quality benefits of Programme of Measures (PoMs) applied to Water Industry discharges at 'end of pipe' and other, more diffuse, sources of pollution. This project was established... |
| 02/WM/03/8 |
Risk Assessment for the Replacement of Asbestos Cement Water Distribution Pipes |
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This report assesses the impact of Regulations on working with asbestos cement pipe, the risks associated with the various options for rehabilitation or replacement, and the impact on the environment (groundwater and landfill) of the various options.... |
| 00/WM/07/4 |
Rodent Control In Sewers |
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This report assesses the extent of rats in sewers in UK, and the effectiveness of current eradication procedures being used by the water utilities. An examination of design, construction and maintenance of sewers, together with likely future changes... |
| 10/WW/17/11 |
Scoping Study for the Chemicals Investigation Programme (Dangerous Substances and Priority Hazardous Substances/ Priority Substances under the Water Framework Directive) |
info |
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Control over a wide range of potential contaminants is an important requirement of the Water Framework Directive. To meet this requirement, the CIP has been designed to investigate the management and control of concentrations of Priority Substances. ... |
| 07/DW/02/46 |
Scoping Study on the Implications of Bacterial Pathogen Associations with Protozoa in Drinking Water |
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This review has briefly assessed the health risks associated with the relationship between bacterial pathogens and protozoa in water supplies. It appea... |
| 99/WW/08/6 |
Screen Efficiency (Novel Devices) |
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This report describes the total solids retention efficiency of four innovative novel screen arrangements. These were, the Yorkshire Water Flexible Screen, the Thames Water Drum Screen, the Pipe screen with two different mesh types, and the North West... |
| 00/WW/06/3 |
Screenings: Quality and Quantity |
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The report investigates the proportions and characteristics of the constituents of screenings and reviews them in the context of the EC Landfill Directive and the UK Government’s Waste Strategy. Quantifiable measures of screenings quality are develop... |
| 99/WW/08/8 |
Scumboard Performance Analysis |
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A performance evaluation was carried out to assess the influence on the total solids retention efficiency and the water depth in a side weir CSO chamber when changes were made to the position of a scumboard within the chamber. All tests were complete... |
| 00/DW/06/10 |
Second Edition of a Guidance Manual Supporting the Water Treatment Recommendations from the Group of Experts on Cryptosporidium |
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The manual, which supersedes the previous edition 98/DW/06/5, provides guiding principles for water treatment works operation to minimise the risk from Cryptosporidium, together with supporting information to demonstrate their validity. Separate sect... |
| 08/WM/08/37 |
Separation of Customers Night Use from Leakage in Night Flow Analysis |
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There is an increasing expectation that the district metered area (DMA) will provide a reliable measure of leakage for operational purposes. However, issues with DMAs are becoming increasingly apparent as DMA sizes decrease, leakage reduces and analy... |
| 02/WM/08/28 |
Service Pipe Leakage |
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Leaks from services pipes account for a significant proportion of unaccounted for water in UK water distribution networks. This report covers various aspects of the subject looking principally at detection and location methods.
A comprehensive ... |
| 12/RG/01/4 |
Serviceability Methodologies |
info |
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Stable serviceability has been Ofwat's requirement for capital maintenance expenditure set at periodic reviews for water companies in England and Wales. This report reviews the purpose of serviceability, how it has evolved over recent periodic review... |
| 01/SL/07/1 |
Sewage Sludge Incineration |
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The project reviewed sewage sludge incinerator (SSI) design standards and plant performance with respect to Nox and particulate emissions. The report concludes that achievement of Nox standards required by the proposed EU standard will be problemati... |
| 04/SL/13/1 |
Sewage Sludge: A Fuel or a Waste? |
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An appraisal of the policy, technological, environmental and social impacts associated with the co-combustion of sewage sludge is presented. Five scenarios for co-combustion were selected to reflect a range of operational scales, project structures ... |
| 07/WW/22/4 |
Sewer Network & WwTW Integration |
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Historically poor planning in how sewer networks and WWTWs work together to protect water quality can lead to an increased risk of non-compliance with effluent standards. Designing and operating the system as a whole, in an intelligent manner, can br... |
| 08/WM/07/8 |
Sewerage for the 21st Century: Executive Summary and Programme of Action |
info |
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UK sewerage systems have changed little in the last 100 years in terms of their principles, materials and methods of installation and maintenance. However the pressures on the systems have increased enormously and the ways in which the service is man... |
| 08/WM/07/12 |
Sewerage for the 21st Century: Volume Four - Statutes and Codes of Practice |
info |
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UK sewerage systems have changed little in the last 100 years in terms of their principles, materials and methods of installation and maintenance. However the pressures on the systems have increased enormously and the ways in which the service is man... |
| 08/WM/07/9 |
Sewerage for the 21st Century: Volume One - Data Collection & Management and Operation & Maintenance |
info |
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UK sewerage systems have changed little in the last 100 years in terms of their principles, materials and methods of installation and maintenance. However the pressures on the systems have increased enormously and the ways in which the service is man... |
| 08/WM/07/11 |
Sewerage for the 21st Century: Volume Three - Lifestyle and Environmental Factors |
info |
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UK sewerage systems have changed little in the last 100 years in terms of their principles, materials and methods of installation and maintenance. However the pressures on the systems have increased enormously and the ways in which the service is man... |
| 08/WM/07/10 |
Sewerage for the 21st Century: Volume Two - Active Operational Control of Sewerage Systems |
info |
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UK sewerage systems have changed little in the last 100 years in terms of their principles, materials and methods of installation and maintenance. However the pressures on the systems have increased enormously and the ways in which the service is man... |
| 97/WM/01/38 |
Shallow Installation of Water Pipelines |
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Considers the advantages of shallow burial of water mains and service pipes. Investigates the effect of frost penetration on reduced cover depth. Gives potential cost savings of shallow burial and observes the effect of shallow installation on other ... |
| 96/WM/01/25 |
Shallow Installation of Water Pipelines |
info |
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This report examines the likely depth of frost penetration in the UK and the influence this may have on water mains and service pipes installed at 750 mm and 600 mm cover respectively. It also considers the effect of reduced cover depth on both stand... |
| 01/WW/08/11 |
Simplified Post Project Appraisal of CSO Performance |
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In the past, the evaluation of combined sewer overflow (CSO) performance has been perceived as being expensive and difficult to achieve. Those costs and difficulties have militated against the widespread use of Post Project Appraisals. This study i... |
| 10/CU/02/8 |
Smart Metering in the Water Sector Phase 1: Implications of Energy Smart Metering and Future Research Priorities |
info |
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Smart water meters could fundamentally change the relationship the water industry has with its domestic and business customers. They facilitate improved engagement with customers, deliver efficiencies within the water businesses, support wider social... |
| 12/CU/02/10 |
Smart Metering in the Water Sector Phase 2: Building the Case by Understanding Customer Expectations and Benefits |
info |
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This project explored customer support and expectations for Water Smart Metering (WSM) and the value customers place on specific features of WSM.
The research consisted of three key elements: secondary analysis of the outputs of Ofgem's Energy... |
| 12/CU/02/13 |
Smart Metering in the Water Sector Phase 3: Making the Case |
info |
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This study is the third phase of UKWIR's programme on water smart metering (WSM) in the UK and it builds on the previous parts of the programme. It focuses on providing the water industry as a whole - water companies, industry bodies and regulators -... |
| 09/WM/12/26 |
Smart Sensors for Buried Utility Location and Performance Monitoring |
info |
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The Smart Pipes project was initiated in order to start developing pipes which could provide information about their performance, so called 'smart pipes'. Research was conducted at the University of Birmingham between 2006 and 2009 and aimed to prove... |
| 09/WW/17/10 |
Source Control of Phosphorus from Domestic Sources - Options and Impacts |
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Phosphorus is the single most important substance preventing good chemical status under the Water Framework Directive for inland surface waters of the UK. In order to avoid costly, ineffective programmes of measures it is necessary to fully understan... |
| 95/EN/01/3 |
Specification for Communication protocol for Water Meters with Electronic Outputs |
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The absence of an agreed standard defining the communication link for remote reading water meters means that each water meter manufacturer has their own 'in- house' standard. Such a situation hampers the application of remote meter reading systems by... |
| 95/EN/01/4 |
Specification of Performance Requirements and Test Methods for Electronic Outputs of Water Meters |
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This report is a draft specification which identifies the UK Water Industry's operational requirements for remote reading systems as the first step towards developing a UK water industry standard and associated test methods for water meter outputs. T... |
| 03/WR/09/4 |
Stakeholder Participation, Policy and Management |
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This project considered two key elements in protecting companies’ groundwater abstraction licences from sustainability reductions: (1) Stakeholder participation and (2) the use of science in decision-making. Work focused on the threats and opportuni... |
| 95/DW/02/2 |
Statistical Associations between Coliform occurrences in Water Samples and Fluctuations inChemical, Physical and Biological Factors |
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This report identifies statistical associations both at the sample and zonal level, between coliform occurrences and other routine determinands in statutory monitoring data provided by water suppliers. It also develops and validates simple alogirthms... |
| 99/DW/06/9 |
Statistical Process Control and Other Techniques for Managing Cryptosporidium Risk in Water Treatment |
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The report provides statistical techniques to allow operators to identify abnormal variations in final water turbidity which could pose an increased risk of Cryptosporidium breakthrough, and to set alarms accordingly. Techniques are also provided to ... |
| 98/TX/01/1 |
Steroid Concentration in Treated Sewage Effluents and Water Courses |
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Reviews and discusses the occurrence of steroids and their conjugates in raw and treated waters and the effectiveness of water treatment processes (chlorination, ozone, PAC, coagulation and filtration, aeration) in removing them. Describes the develo... |
| 95/EN/01/1 |
Storm Sewer Data |
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This project is supplementary to data collection and analysis completed under contract with FWR in 1993. The main objective was to continue the collection of storm sewer data from South Oxhey. These data were entered into the Wallingford Urban Runoff... |
| 07/WR/02/5 |
Strategic Environmental Assessment - Guidance for Water Resources Management Plans and Drought Plans |
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Water resources management plans (WRMP) and drought plans (DP) may require strategic environmental assessment under the SEA Directive. 'Best Practice' guidance was produced, firstly to determine this requirement, and secondly, how best to implement i... |
| 12/WR/02/7 |
Strategic Environmental Assessment and Habitats Regulations Assessment - Guidance for Water Resources Management Plans and Drought Plans |
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This report provides up to date guidance for water companies undertaking Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) and Habitats Regulations Assessment (HRA) of their water resources management plans and drought plans. The guidance sets out methods des... |
| 05/WM/02/20 |
Strategic Lead Communication Pipe Replacement: Initial Review of Water Company Pilot Trials |
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This report summarises the results from five pilot studies to develop and test methodologies for strategic lead communication pipe replacement programmes. The studies are the first of 12 which were agreed with DWI and initiated during the AMP3 period... |
| 95/DW/03/1 |
Strategic Review on Factors Controlling Microbiological and Chemical Quality of Water inDistribution Systems: Parts i-iv available as a set |
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Reviews the literature on the topic areas of: factors that affect disinfectant residuals in distribution systems, the use of simulation systems for distribution networks, the biological stbaility of water taste and odour, and water quality modelling.... |
| 06/WW/03/8 |
SUDS - Increased Liability for the Water Industry - Phase 2 |
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This report is the second of 2 reports which investigate the liability risks associated with ownership of Sustainable Drainage Systems (SUDS). The first report carried out a broad evaluation of the issues, and the second study then investigated those... |
| 96/DW/02/5 |
Sulphite Reducing Clostridia in a Revised Drinking Water Directive |
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The revised Drinking Water Directive requires monitoring for sulphite reducing clostridia (SRC) and a limit of zero in 20 ml. Examines SRC as indicator of cryptosporidium and other pathogens and as a measure of treatment effectiveness. Concludes that... |
| 97/DW/02/8 |
Sulphite Reducing Clostridia in Drinking Water Supplies |
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Sulphite reducing clostridia is an indicator for assessing microbiological quality of drinking water. Examines methods of analysis, frequency of occurrence, resistance to disinfection, and correlation with other indicators and pathogens. Summarises c... |
| 01/SL/03/4 |
Survey of PCDD/ Fs and Non- Ortho PCBs in UK Sewage Sludges |
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A survey of the PCDD/ F and non- ortho PCB content in the digested sludge of 14 UK wastewater treatment works was carried out. The range of total PCDD/ F concentration in the sludges was 8880- 428000 pg/ g dw. Total non- ortho PCB concentrations were... |
| 06/WR/25/2 |
Sustainability of Water Efficiency |
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The project developed a best practice framework, in collaboration with stakeholders, for determining the sustainability and cost-effectiveness of water efficiency measures. A standardised approach was developed for data collection, analysis and prese... |
| 12/RG/08/4 |
Sustainable Regulation |
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There is a growing perception that increasingly complex regulations are driving unsustainable outcomes across the water industry. This study reviews the existing economic and environmental regulatory regimes within the context of a move towards a mor... |
| 04/WW/04/9 |
Sustainable WWTW for Small Communities Vol I: Sustainability and the Water Industry (Part Of Set) |
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Sustainable development is of particular interest to the water industry which finds itself having to comply with increasingly stringent standards for wastewater effluent quality whilst being pressed to minimise the cost to the consumer. Treatment pro... |
| 96/DW/07/3 |
Synthesis of an Internal Standard for the Determination of Anatoxin- A in Water |
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Anatoxin- A is a neurotoxin, produced by blue- green algae. These algae are sometimes present in reservoir waters, leading to concern over the potential presence of anatoxin- a in drinking waters. A method for the determination of anatoxin- a in rese... |
| 99/WM/02/8 |
Tapping Tees for PVC Pressure Pipe |
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Failures of PVC pressure pipe when installing self tapping tees, still give cause for concern, despite a reduction in failure rates, due to the use of tougher pipe by the water industry. The reasons for these failures are not clearly defined but appe... |
| 12/WW/05/6 |
Technical Study into Heat Sinks in Wastewater and Sludge Treatment |
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The objective of this project was to investigate the potential for exploiting the Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI), a government economic incentive, as an additional revenue stream within the wastewater and sludge treatment industry.
The main fi... |
| 12/WM/04/9 |
Techniques for Preventing Interruptions to Customer Water Supplies |
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Customer expectations in terms of quality of service are rising; as such, customers are increasingly intolerant of interruptions to their water supplies. This increasing expectation is reflected in the introduction of the Service Incentive Mechanism ... |
| 11/SL/02/10 |
The Agronomic and Environmental Impacts of Phosphorus in Biosolids Applied to Agricultural Land: A Review of UK Research |
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A review of UK research funded over the last 15 years on the potential environmental impacts of phosphorus (P) in biosolids has concluded that biosolids are a valuable, sustainable source of P whose recycling to agricultural land could be expanded in... |
| 11/RG/05/30 |
The Asset Inventory: A Simplified Alternative Approach |
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Asset inventories have been submitted to Ofwat by water companies in England and Wales in support of company Business Plans for the last four Periodic Reviews. The PR09 asset inventory included information on the quantity, condition and value of the ... |
| 01/WM/02/17 |
The Behaviour of Buried Plastic Pipes at Different Depths |
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Monitoring of buried PVCu and thin wall biaxially oriented pipe at operational sites at Chorley and York has shown that loads and deformations of the pipe are predominately generated during installation and that subsequent transient traffic loads pro... |
| 11/RG/05/31 |
The Common Framework and Justifying Investment in 'Management and General' Asset Types |
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Almost all UK water companies applied the Capital Maintenance Planning Common Framework to operational assets at the 2009 Price Review, but application to so-called 'Management & General' (M&G) assets has been less comprehensive.
From a review... |
| 97/SL/06/1 |
The Content and Fertilizer Value of Sulphur and Magnesium in Sewage Sludge |
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Reviews the published data on the content and plant availability of sulphur and magnesium in sewage sludge. Surveys sludge samples from 61 centres in the UK on their sulphur and magnesium content, discusses the results and compares these sludges with... |
| 02/WR/27/1 |
The Cost of Environmental Sustainability - A Contribution to the CAMS Process - Final Report |
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The principal objective for this project was to establish a framework methodology, which could be used to determine the economic costs and consequences of a loss of resources or of deployable output that is intended to provide benefits to environment... |
| 02/WR/27/2 |
The Cost of Environmental Sustainability - A Contribution to the CAMS Process - Technical Report |
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The principal objective for this project was to establish a framework methodology, which could be used to determine the economic costs and consequences of a loss of resources or of deployable output that is intended to provide benefits to environment... |
| 95/WM/01/8 |
The Cost of Foamed Concrete and Grouts |
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This report considers the initial costs of foamed concrete and cementitious grouts. It concludes that foamed concretes are economically available in all parts of the United Kingdom. Cementitious grouts are unlikely to be an economic alternative and h... |
| 03/RG/07/3 |
The Economics of Achieving Good Water Status with Water Industry Measures: An Assessment of the Scale and Scope of Potential Costs Associated with the Water Framework and Related Directives |
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The objective of this project was to review issues concerning the implementation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and to consider the scale and scope of the potential cost impacts.
The WFD represents an important departure... |
| 02/WR/27/4 |
The Economics of Balancing Supply & Demand (EBSD) Guidelines |
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The Economics of Balancing Supply & Demand (ESBD) sets out the stages to be followed by a water resources planner in order to develop a supply-demand balance plan. Support in carrying out these stages is provided by explanations of technical issues, ... |
| 02/WR/27/3 |
The Economics of Balancing Supply & Demand (EBSD) Main Report |
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The Economics of Balancing Supply & Demand (ESBD) sets out the stages to be followed by a water resources planner in order to develop a supply-demand balance plan. Support in carrying out these stages is provided by explanations of technical issues, ... |
| 96/WR/05/3 |
The Effect of Leakage, Operational Constraints and Restrictions on Peak Household Water Demand |
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Assesses the effect of immediate repair of burst pipes towards meeting high peak demands. Quantifies the effect of media campaigns and hospipe bans on the peak demand for water in twenty seven district meter areas. Examines the effect on peak demands... |
| 96/WR/05/5 |
The Effect of Metering on Peak and Average Demand |
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Uses consumption data from district meter areas that contain predominantly either metered or unmetered properties. These are related to six water using classes (based on fifty four ACORN property classification types) to quantify the metering effect.... |
| 00/WM/10/3 |
The Effect of Pressure on Meter Accuracy |
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A number of small diameter revenue meters have been tested to ascertain if pressure has any influence on meter accuracy. A selection of new meters were tested over a range of flows and pressures. No evidence could be found in the limited number of te... |
| 12/WM/04/8 |
The Effect of Pressure Reduction on Burst Frequency |
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This project investigated the effect of pressure reduction on repair rates by looking at historical data on a DMA basis.
It was concluded that implementation of pressure management generally results in a reduction in the number of repairs in s... |
| 05/WW/21/7 |
The Efficacy of Natural Wastewater Treatment Systems in Removing Faecal Indicator Bacteria |
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This project sought to determine the efficacy of natural systems in removing faecal indicators The most effective systems achieve Escherichia coli concentrations in the range 102-103 cfu 100ml-1 which is comparable to UV treatment. However, there is ... |
| 99/WM/08/24 |
The Environmental and Social Value of Leakage Reduction |
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This research develops a methodology for incorporating environmental and social costs and benefits into the evaluation of water management options.
Approaches to valuing changes in external costs are developed. In addition, the methodology provide a... |
| 00/WR/17/2 |
The Environmental Effects of Demand Management - Project Record |
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The key objective of the project was to advance knowledge/understanding of the translation of water demand management measures into hydrological effects, and then subsequently into environmental effects. A method was developed to aid, and make more ... |
| 95/SL/02/2 |
The Environmental Impact of Phosphorus from the Agricultural Disposal of Sewage Sludge - Stage 1 |
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This report describes progress in the first year of the three year project. All the experimental field sites were established and treatments applied. Sixty sludge sources from around the UK were identified for analytical determination of phosphorus b... |
| 97/SL/02/4 |
The Environmental Impact of Phosphorus from the Agricultural Disposal of Sewage Sludge - Stage 3 |
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Laboratory, lysimeter and field studies continue to show wide variability the potential bioavailability of phosphorus in sewage sludge. Under operational rates of application, losses of phosphorus in run-off from plots receiving sludge were less tha... |
| 96/SL/02/3 |
The Environmental Impact of Phosphorus from the Agricultural Disposal of Sewage Sludge -Stage 2 |
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Progress is reported for the second year of the three year project. Laboratory analysis indicated that phosphorus available may be low for dewatered, composted or dried sludges. Field experiments indicated that phosphorus leachate and run- off from s... |
| 00/SL/02/5 |
The Environmental Impact of Phosphorus from the Agricultural Use of Sewage Sludge - Final |
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This project started in 1994 and most of the experimental work finished in 1998. Progress reports on the work have been published over the last five years. The six final reports from the individual experiments are presented here. Experiment 6, whic... |
| 99/DW/02/18 |
The Epidemiology of Cryptosporidiosis in England & Wales 1983 - 1997 |
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Review of the data from routine surveillance of laboratory confirmed infections and from investigations of outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis, held at CDSC, in order to ass... |
| 96/DW/07/4 |
The Fate of Intracellular Microcystin- LR during Water Treatment |
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Microcystin- LR is a toxin produced by blue- green algae. The presence of these algae in water supply reservoirs is a potential source of contamination of drinking water. Algal toxins can be stored within the algal cells until they die and lyse. Heal... |
| 95/DW/05/8 |
The Impact of Exposure and Toxicity Data on Drinking Water Standards for Boron |
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This report discusses the potential toxicity of boron in relation to exposure via drinking water and the incorporation of the WHO guideline value into standards suitable for drinking water in Europe. Boron is a metalloid widely distributed in the env... |
| 05/WW/23/3 |
The Impact of Recent Changes in Waste Legislation on Sewerage Networks and Wastewater Treatment Works |
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The landfill disposal route for many wastes will be increasingly restricted in future, affecting both wastes received by, as well as the disposal of wastes produced by, the Water Industry. Changes in legislation controlling the handling and disposal ... |
| 11/WW/04/15 |
The Implications of Cold Weather on Nitrification Treatment Processes |
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There are concerns that, as a result of revisions to ammonia effluent quality requirements, WwTWs in the UK may not be able to comply with more stringent permits for ammonia during extreme cold weather conditions when their nitrification capability i... |
| 95/DW/05/3 |
The Implications of Oestrogenic Substances in the Environment |
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There is increasing scientific and public concern about the potential effects of oestrogenic compounds in the environment on male reproductive health.
Research in the UK has shown that male fish exposed to sewage effluents appear to undergo biochemi... |
| 06/WM/12/12 |
The Implications of the Traffic Management Act |
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This project reviewed the impact of the Traffic Management Act (TMA) on water companies and identified ways to mitigate its im... |
| 12/CL/11/6 |
The Links and Benefits of Water and Energy Efficiency Joint Working |
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This project was implemented to i) provide the water industry with firm estimates of the energy efficiency and carbon emission reductions associated with household water efficiency measures; and ii) identify how potential barriers to engagement with ... |
| 95/DW/05/6 |
The Mechanism of Toxicity of Bromate and Chlorate - An Interim Report |
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The report describes the intended research to further investigate the mechanism of carcinogenity of bromate, and to compare the effects of chlorate and bromate in two test species, rat and mouse. Bromate has been shown to cause kidney and thyroid tum... |
| 99/WM/08/22 |
The Natural Rate of Rise in Leakage |
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This research examines the theoretical and empirical determinants of the natural rate of rise in leakage (NRR) over time, in order to advance the development of an 'NRR Equation' which can be used to produce reliable estimates of the NRR over a wide ... |
| 11/RG/08/3 |
The New Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) - What are the Implications for the Water Industry? |
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The Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) replaces the Integrated Pollution Prevention Control Directive (IPPC) and six other Directives. The scope of the IED is broader, including 'recovery' as well as 'disposal' activities. This creates the potentia... |
| 97/WM/01/36 |
The Performance of Foamed Concrete Reinstatements |
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Assesses the performance of foamed concrete for reinstatements that have been in place over a number of years. Describes the establishment of a database of information on 65 sites from six utilities. Gives the results of an analysis of the data and d... |
| 11/WW/04/16 |
The Performance of Sustainable Wastewater Treatment Works Solutions |
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The records of 12 UK water companies were searched for performance data repating to sustainable wastewater treatment technologies, and questionnaires regarding maintenance and compliance were sent to site operators.
Data were received from 79 ... |
| 07/RG/10/4 |
The Regulatory Cycle and its Impact on the Efficiency of Supply Chain Delivery |
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Since water industry privatisation in 1989, dramatic variations in capital expenditure have had a profound effect on the industry's suppliers who are often faced with a 'feast or famine' situation and little long-term visibility of workload.
T... |
| 12/WW/21/15 |
The Relationship between Per Capita Consumption and Wastewater Flows |
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Water saving measures may have an effect on per capita consumption (PCC) and hence on the volume of wastewater generated (DWF); however the relationship between PCC and DWF is not fully understood. Modification to WwTW design criteria without de... |
| 01/WM/02/14 |
The Residual Structural Properties of Cast Iron Pipes – Structural and Design Criteria for Linings for Water Mains |
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The options for relining of old cast iron water mains depend crucially on the perceived condition of the old pipe. All the pipe condition databases which are known to exist in the UK have been combined to give an appreciation of the rates of internal... |
| 07/RG/07/9 |
The Role and Application of Cost Benefit Analysis - Volume I: Generic Guidance |
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This report presents generic guidance on the application of cost benefit analysis ("CBA") to water industry investment planning. The generic guidance is based on a five step approach to the application of CBA to water industry investment planning.... |
| 07/RG/07/10 |
The Role and Application of Cost Benefit Analysis - Volume II:Sewer Flooding Guidance |
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This report presents guidance on the application of cost benefit analysis to the alleviation of sewer flooding risks. The guidance is intended to be consistent with, and complementary to the generic guidance (Volume I - 07/RG/07/9). In applying CBA... |
| 95/SL/02/1 |
The Signficance of Sewage Sludge as a Source of Phosphorus Loss from Agricultural Land to Surface Waters : A Literature Review |
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Sludge applications based on nitrogen requirements may lead to an accumulation of phosphorus in soil. There is a risk of consequential eutrophication in vulnerable areas. Although the immediate availability of phosphorus from sewage sludge may be low... |
| 97/DW/02/12 |
The Significance of Fungi in Drinking Water Distribution Systems |
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Collates the results of a literature survey and responses to questionnaires from the water companies throughout the UK. The survey indicates that improvements in water treatment methods were reducing the number of incidents. Concludes that no compani... |
| 07/CU/02/2 |
The Sociology of Water Use |
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This project involved 1) exploratory analysis of existing water company data sets on household consumption and 2) developed a series of five workshops entitled: Traces of Water. The report first, presents the results of re-analysing and interpretin... |
| 01/TX/04/2 |
The Sorptive Behaviour of Steroid Oestrogens in Sewage Treatment Plants |
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The ability of activated sludge particles to sorb steroid oestrogens was tested in the laboratory with fresh mixed liquor from an aeration tank and radio-labelled steroid oestrogen analogues. Most of the sorption was completed in the first minutes of... |
| 95/WM/01/7 |
The Specification of Foamed Concrete |
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This report assesses users' views of foamed concrete as a reinstatement material, and aims to produce a workable specification for its use. Three areas of concern were expressed: the cost of the material, safety aspects immediately after laying, and ... |
| 96/DW/07/2 |
The Toxicity and Significance of Toxins from Blue- Green Algae |
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Blue- green algae are sometimes found in water supply reservoirs. Some algae produce toxins, and because of the possibility of these toxins reaching the customer's tap, it is appropriate to set limits for them in drinking water. In order to do this, ... |
| 07/WR/26/2 |
The Voluntary Initiative Pilot Catchment Project |
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Six pilot catchments in England and Scotland were chosen where pesticides were a problem for water abstracters. Five of the catchments were surface waters, two of which included reservoirs and one was a groundwater. Over a four-year period pesticide ... |
| 98/DW/06/6 |
Theory and Guidance on Assessing and Managing Cryptosporidium Risk in Groundwaters |
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The report reviews and categorises factors which influence the risk of contamination of groundwaters with Cryptosporidium oocysts, in order to provide the basis for risk ranking of sources. Treatment processes for physical removal of oocysts from gro... |
| 02/WW/04/1 |
Tightening WwTW Emission Standards - A Review of the Treatment Technologies And Their Impact On Climate Change |
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This study examines the feasibility of meeting tighter effluent quality standards at wastewater treatment works. The impact of these tight standards on energy use, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and costs has been assessed. Performance of the diffe... |
| 96/DW/03/3 |
To Quantify the Effect of Different Source Waters on Bacterial Growth in Chemostat DistributionSystems |
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Quantifies the extent of bacterial growth in distribution systems from a borehole, a surface/ lowland and an upland source using chemostat distribution simulators. Reports the results of two runs varying the feed rate of the three test waters.... |
| 08/RG/05/25 |
Tool for Risk Management of Water Utility Assets |
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The project has developed a methodology to enable Global Water Research Coalition (GWRC) members to apply risk management techniques to the management of assets for service provision, in both water supply and wastewater treatment.
A literature... |
| 00/DW/03/11 |
Toolboxes for Maintaining and Improving Drinking Water Quality |
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Toolboxes (or guidance documents) have been developed to facilitate implementation of the key findings from research on maintaining and improving drinking water quality in distribution. Individual documents have been written on seven key factors: ... |
| 08/WM/18/5 |
Tools for the DOMS Forward-Looking Approach |
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Previous studies to forecast discolouration potential of water networks have applied traditional statistical techniques such as regression analysis, and detailed process modelling. Such models have generally been hindered by insufficient data or quan... |
| 98/RG/02/1 |
Towards an Environmentally Effective and Socially Acceptable Strategy for Water Metering in the UK |
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This research identifies a series of questions that need to be answered in order to devise an environmentally effective and socially acceptable water-metering strategy for the UK. The study provides a detailed review of the available options at each... |
| 98/RG/02/2 |
Towards an Environmentally Effective and Socially Acceptable Strategy for Water Metering in the UK – Technical Report |
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This research identifies a series of questions that need to be answered in order to devise an environmentally effective and socially acceptable water-metering strategy for the UK. The study provides a detailed review of the available options at each ... |
| 05/WM/08/32 |
Towards Best Practice for the Assessment of Supply Pipe Leakage |
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A supply pipe leakage estimate is required for regulatory reporting. However, a more detailed understanding of proportion of total leakage that is associated with supply pipes will also improve operational allocation of leakage reduction resources... |
| 03/EQ/14/2 |
Towards Sustainability |
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The “Towards Sustainability” project was undertaken by Entec UK, on behalf of UKWIR. It has developed a set of sustainability indicators for use by the UK water industry. These address social and economic, as well as environmental, aspects of the wat... |
| 00/DW/06/11 |
Transport and Fate of Cryptosporidium and Other Pathogens in Groundwater Systems |
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This review shows that there is little information on the fate and transport of pathogens in UK aquifers below the soil zone. Cryptosporidium migration into the unsaturated zone will be attenuated by the soil, but pathways which allow soil- zone bypa... |
| 96/DW/05/11 |
Treatment Chemicals as Sources of Contamination of Drinking Water |
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Over recent years, there has been concern over an apparent increase in the prevalence of male reproductive disorders, which may be associated with oestrogenic compounds in the environment. In order to assess the likelihood that oestrogenic compounds ... |
| 11/DW/14/4 |
Treatment for New and Emerging Pesticides |
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Metaldehayde is used to control slugs in agriculture and has been identified in many raw and some drinking waters in recent years. This project investigated the removal of metaldehyde and other emerging pesticides by conventional and alternative trea... |
| 95/DW/05/1 |
Trichloroacetaldehyde in Water Supplies |
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The objective of this work was to survey trichloroacetaldehyde (TCAL) concentrations in final waters from a selection of water treatment works acrtoss the UK. The selection covered a wide range of raw water types and treatment conditions. The results... |
| 12/DW/14/5 |
Turbidity in Groundwater - Understanding Cause, Effect and Mitigation Measures |
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Water companies must ensure that the turbidity specification for potable water of 1NTU is met. There is currently little information regarding turbidity in groundwater and the cause is not fully understood. The common assumption is that turbidity in ... |
| 00/TX/02/03 |
UK Direct Toxicity Assessment (DTA) Demonstration Programme Lower Tees EstuaryDemonstration Project ? Part I |
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As part of a trial of a DTA approach in the UK a case study was study carried out on a 5.5 km reach of the Lower Tees estuary, a location where there was a history of poor receiving water quality. The project was designed to evaluate selected element... |
| 00/TX/02/04 |
UK Direct Toxicity Assessment (DTA) Demonstration Programme Lower Tees EstuaryDemonstration Project ? Part II |
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As part of a trial of a DTA approach in the UK a second element of a case study was study carried out on a 5.5 km reach of the Lower Tees estuary, a location where there was a history of poor receiving water quality. The study was designed to carry o... |
| 00/TX/02/06 |
UK Direct Toxicity Assessment (DTA) Demonstration Programme Recommendations from the Steering Group to the Environmental Regulators |
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This report brings together the experience gained from a wide ranging demonstration programme designed to examine the practicalities of using whole effluent ecotoxicity tests to assess and control the quality of complex effluents released from indust... |
| 00/TX/02/05 |
UK Direct Toxicity Assessment (DTA) Demonstration Programme Review of Toxicity ReductionEvaluations at Sewage Treatment Works |
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As part of a trial of a DTA approach in the UK a second element of a case study was study carried out on a 5.5 km reach of the Lower Tees estuary, a The River Esk and Lower Tees Estuary DTA case studies have involved the conduct of toxicity reduction... |
| 00/TX/02/01 |
UK Direct Toxicity Assessment (DTA) Demonstration Programme River Aire Project |
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Chemical and ecotoxicological testing of river water and direct discharges has been undertaken throughout an 11km stretch of the River Aire, as part of Phase II of the UK Direct Toxicity Assessment (DTA) Demonstration Programme. The study has demonst... |
| 00/TX/02/02 |
UK Direct Toxicity Assessment (DTA) Demonstration Programme River Esk Project |
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As part of a trial of a DTA approach in the UK a case study was study carried out on the River Esk between Langholm and Canonbie (Dumfrieshire), a location where pesticides were believed to be affecting receiving water quality. The project was design... |
| 00/TX/02/07 |
UK Direct Toxicity Assessment (DTA) Demonstration Programme Technical Guidance |
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This Technical Guidance describes a sequence of seven steps recounting the identification of suitable sites for DTA investigation, identification of discharges requiring toxicity reduction, approaches to toxicity reduction, and monitoring the effecti... |
| 10/PM/02/1 |
UK Water Innovation - Which Way Forward in Europe? |
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As part of its activities to encourage funding for research, UKWIR has been active in commissioning projects to investigate the barriers to innovation and also to simulate research funders to better understand the research needs of the water sector. ... |
| 95/WR/01/1 |
UKWIR/ NRA Demand Forecasting Methodology Main Report |
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A common methodology for UK water suppliers and their regulators to forecast water demands. Separates demand into agreed, well- defined components (metered, unmetered, losses etc) applying appropriate methodology. The emphasis is on transparency and ... |
| 00/WR/18/1 |
UKWIR/EA A Unified Methodology for the Determination of Deployable Output from Water Sources - Volume 1 |
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This joint UKWIR/ Environment Agency project examined current practices for determination of surface water and ground water deployable output (DO) and concluded that a unified approach was both desirable and feasible. However because of limitations i... |
| 00/WR/18/2 |
UKWIR/EA A Unified Methodology for the Determination of Deployable Output from Water Sources - Volume 2 |
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This joint UKWIR/ Environment Agency project examined current practices for determination of surface water and ground water deployable output (DO) and concluded that a unified approach was both desirable and feasible. However because of limitations i... |
| 97/WR/14/1 |
UKWIR/EA Definition of Key terms for Water Resources Practitioners |
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A joint UKWIR/Environment Agency report that allows easy access to over 200 definitions and abbreviations. Produced for the purpose of clear communication on a common basis in the UKWIR regulatory work on water resources. Includes definitions on the... |
| 98/WR/06/1 |
UKWIR/EA Evaluating the Impact of Demand Restrictions, Main Report |
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A method based on estimation of micro- component water usage in households and non- households under unrestricted and restricted demand situations has been developed as a general- purpose tool for evaluating the impact of restrictions on customer ... |
| 97/WR/07/1 |
UKWIR/EA Forecasting Water Demand Components - Best Practice Manual |
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This project reviewed, tested and documented best practice methodologies for forecasting water demand, culminating in the production of a best practice manual. The findings build upon the agreed methodology and definition of components of water dema... |
| 10/WM/17/1 |
UKWIR/FRMRC IUD Demonstration Projects |
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New models developed by the Flood Risk Management Research Consortium were applied in selected drainage areas. The modelling contractors provided feedback that enabled the researchers to enhance their mode... |
| 99/PC/01/1 |
UKWIRYear 2000 Embedded Systems Project |
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The report reviews the progress to December 1998 made by a representative number of UK water undertakings towards their contingency plans for the millennium event. It considers the critical issues and influences and develops a credible scenario of ev... |
| 03/CL/09/1 |
Uncertainty & Risk in Supply/Demand Forecasting - Volume A |
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Two Volume Report (Volume B supplied free of charge with Volume A)
The report presents guidelines on how uncertainties in the individual elements of supply and demand can be brought together in an integrated way. The guidelines offer a hierarchical... |
| 05/WM/12/7 |
Underground Asset Location: Review of Current Technology |
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This report presents high-level requirements for underground asset location and summarises the current state of the art in the location of underground assets. It recognises that the majority of effort in this area is focussed on the optimisation of t... |
| 01/DW/03/17 |
Understanding and Preventing Discoloured Water |
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This study aims to advance understanding on discolouration in drinking water. Work products include: - A literature review of corrosion and iron discolouration. - Analysis of relationships between corrosion, tuberculation and pipeline environmen... |
| 01/WM/02/16 |
Understanding Burst Rate Patterns of Water Pipes |
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A range of different water companies have supplied UKWIR with their pipe burst data for the last few years and these have been combined into one �national� database. The level of detail in some of the data from smaller companies is very good and ... |
| 12/RG/06/1 |
Understanding the Impact of Shorter Life Assets on the Longer Term Maintenance Requirements of the UK Water Industry |
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Water industry capital maintenance expenditure has more than doubled in real terms in the 20 years since privatisiation. The report explores the reasons for increasing non-infrastructure capital maintenance requirements including growth in the asset ... |
| 12/CL/01/18 |
Updating the UK Water Industry Climate Change Adaptation Framework - UKWIR Climate Change Adaptation Framework Handbook |
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This project was commissioned to update the previous Water UK framework in order to take account of recent developments in UKWIR projects and other research. The main changes in this updated framework are the greater consideration of the interdepende... |
| 11/SL/13/2 |
Uses for CO2 in Biogas Produced from Anaerobic Digestion - Summary Report |
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The CO2 content of the biogas produced during wastewater treatment is not counted as emissions under normal carbon accounting rules. A key objective of this project was to identify methods for capturing, separating and using CO2 from biogas. The... |
| 97/WW/08/3 |
Using computational fluid dynamics to assess the impact of an anti- blockage device on the flow regime and solids retention efficiency of a stilling pond combined sewer overflow |
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Uses a computational fluid dynamics model to investigate the flow pattern retention efficiency of a stilling pond combined sewer overflow chamber with and without an anti-blocking device. Examines the importance of the device's longitudinal position ... |
| 08/DW/06/20 |
UV Inactivation of Cryptosporidium |
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Potential changes to the UK Drinking Water Quality Regulations could make Cryptosporidium inactivation using UV the most cost-effective treatment option in many situations. UV disinfection is well established in water tratment in the UK and ... |
| 96/WR/03/1 |
V1 and V2 UKWIR/ Environment Agency - Economics of Demand Management |
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Establishes a framework for UK water suppliers and their regulators, balancing demand management with water supply investment and operational options. Demand management is fully defined and broken down into resource, production, distribution and cust... |
| 96/WR/04/1 |
V1& 2 Sufficiency of Water - Methodology for Assessing the Supply/ Demand Balance |
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A methodology for UK water suppliers and regulators to assess the supply/ unrestricted demand balance in the medium and long term. Combines previous studies on outputs for surface water and groundwater, demand and outage allowances to estimate the ri... |
| 09/DW/02/58 |
Validating the Cause of Coliforms in Drinking Water |
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The response to the detection of coliforms in drinking water requires immediate action to investigate their origin and implement appropriate corrective action. This study, jointly supported by UKWIR and the Drinking Water Inspectorate (DWI), develope... |
| 09/SL/02/8 |
Validation of Guidelines for the Sustainable Application of Phosphorus in Biosolids to Agricultural Soils |
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To help identify environmentally-sustainable practice with respect to phosphorus (P) in biosolids applied to agricultural land, a field study was undertaken to validate provisional laboratory-based guidelines on release of soluble P in land runoff. A... |
| 08/WW/11/12 |
Verification of Bacteroidetes Microbial Source Tracking with Emperical Ground Truth Data |
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This study reports a 'field-scale' test of the emerging technique of microbial source tracking (MST). The project acquired 'ground-truth' data to test the operational utility of Bacteroidetes MST data. The work has resulted in a very significant data... |
| 01/WW/11/4 |
Virus Sensitivity of the Plaque Assay Technique |
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Bovine, ovine and porcine enteroviruses were inoculated into liquid culture of BGM cells. Several strains grew and were further analysed for their plaque-inducing potential in BGM cells. None of the bovine strains induced plaque formation but one p... |
| 09/WR/26/8 |
WAgriCo Final Technical Report |
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WAgriCo, a match funded project with the EU LIFE Programme (in the UK matched with funding from Defra and UK Partners) was a collaborative catchment management project between UK partners and farmers around Dorchester in the UK and an equivalent arra... |
| 98/WW/09/1 |
Waste Water Re- use |
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Recycling and reuse of wastewater is reviewed. Four key applications for reuse of recovered water are identified: (a) domestic, (b) irrigation, (c) aquifer recharge, and (d) industrial. These applications are discussed in turn, with reference to... |
| 08/WW/20/3 |
Water Framework Directive: Sustainable Treatment Solutions for Achieving Good Ecological Status |
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Implementation of the Water Framework Directive is likely to necessitate tighter effluent consent standards and more extensive wastewater treatment. The pursuit of the environmental target of higher final effluent quality may result in adverse impact... |
| 03/CU/04/1 |
Water Industry Debt - Current Trends and Good Practice Approaches |
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In recent years the water industry has seen rising levels of outstanding debt, rising numbers of customers in debt and rising costs associated with collecting debt. The government has yet to be convinced that the water industry has levels of debt and... |
| 04/CU/04/2 |
Water Industry Debt - Minimising the Problem of Non-Payers |
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This is a qualitative research project comprising focus groups and depth interviews among customers with water debt of more than 12 months, in seven locations in England and Wales. It also includes customers considered to be 'vulnerable to debt' (... |
| 04/CU/04/3 |
Water Industry Debt - Socioeconomic and Demographic Effects |
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The project was initiated to provide factual information on the profile of industry consumer debtors to inform discussions with Government, the Regulator, Consumer, and Industry Groups.
The basis of the analysis was domestic household cus... |
| 08/WR/26/4 |
Water Resources Management in Cooperation with Agriculture: Micro-Macro Economic Analysis |
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As part of the WAgriCo project a Micro-Macro Economic Analysis was undertaken to assess the cost of ten Programme of Measures which included the six primary Programme of Measures adopted by the farmers engaged with the project. The analysis ass... |
| 08/WR/26/7 |
Water Resources Management in Cooperation with Agriculture: Modelling Nitrate Concentrations with Variations in Time |
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This report details the finding of the modelling exercise undertaken to show how changes in nitrate leachate from the different primary Programme of Measures would impact on the nitrate concentrations in the groundwater in the project's eight pilot c... |
| 08/WR/26/5 |
Water Resources Management in Cooperation with Agriculture: Secondary Measures for the Protection of Groundwater - Summary Report |
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The study reviewed a range of Secondary Measures for the Protection of Groundwater, for different land management options that could be taken up by farmers. The study was supported by face-to-face interviews with farmers followed by a more extensive ... |
| 12/WR/27/6 |
Water Resources Planning Tools 2012: Summary Report |
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The research project titled 'Water Resources Planning Tools 2012', with a primary focus on the Deployable Output (DO) and the Economics of Balancing Supply and Demand (EBSD) methods, has resulted in improvements to the existing water resources planni... |
| 11/WW/23/7 |
Wet Weather Definition and Impact on Planning and Regulatory Reporting |
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This report identifies and reviews the wet weather spill monitoring and recording methods employed by the UK water and sewerage companies. Analysis was undertaken of spill, rainfall, and treatment works flow data along with completed questionnaires o... |
| 09/DW/11/3 |
WHO and EUREAU Support - Progress 2007-2009 |
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The UK Water Industry has helped to provide support for the World Health Organisation Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality for a number of years. The present contract began in April 2006 and has been extended to end in February 2010. A report was is... |
| 13/CL/01/19 |
Workbook for Estimating Operational GHG Emissions, Version 7 |
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The UKWIR Carbon Accounting Workbook (CAW) provides UK water companies with a consistent and transparent approach for accounting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from their operational activities. The latest version (CAW v7) enables the water industry ... |
| 99/WW/03/3 |
WW03 Forecasting The Deposition and Biological Effects of Excess Organic Carbon from Sewage Discharges for the Purposes of the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (DIR91/ 271/ EEC) BenOss Version 3 |
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BEN OSS Version 3 is a model, which will predict changes in the soft sediment benthic community in response to organic inputs. It produces an assessment of the amount of suspended solids (carbon) from a sewage outfall accumulating in the near vicinit... |
